Editing City (section)

=== Global city ===
[[File:London Stock Exchange (13056321704).jpg|thumb|[[Stock exchange]]s, characteristic features of the top global cities, are interconnected hubs for capital. Here, a delegation from Australia visits the [[London Stock Exchange]].]]
A [[global city]], also known as a world city, is a prominent centre of trade, banking, finance, innovation, and markets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Jerome S. |last2=Berbegal-Mirabent |first2=Jasmina |last3=Piqué |first3=Josep M. |title=The renaissance of the city as a cluster of innovation |journal=Cogent Business & Management |year=2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1532777 |doi=10.1080/23311975.2018.1532777 |doi-access=free|hdl=10419/206125 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Global City |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0514 |encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies |last1=Jacobs |first1=Andrew J. |year=2023 |doi=10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0514 |last2=Orum |first2=Anthony M.|pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1118568453 |s2cid=240985764 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Saskia Sassen]] used the term "global city" in her 1991 work, ''The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo'' to refer to a city's [[Power (social and political)|power]], status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size.<ref>Sassen, Saskia (1991). ''[http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316103717/http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6943.html |date=16 March 2015 }} [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-07063-6}}</ref> Following this view of cities, it is possible to [[Global city#GaWC study|rank the world's cities hierarchically]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-24|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Global city#GaWC study|reason= The anchor (GaWC study) [[Special:Diff/1254723819|has been deleted]].|diff_id=1254723819}}.<ref name=ranking>John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action", ''International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'', 6, no. 3 (1982): 319</ref> Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting [[command and control]] through their economic and political influence. Global cities may have reached their status due to early transition to [[post-industrial society|post-industrialism]]<ref>Abrahamson (2004), p. 4. "The formerly major industrial cities that were most able quickly and thoroughly to transform themselves into the new postindustrial mode became the leading global cities—the centers of the new global system."</ref> or through inertia which has enabled them to maintain their dominance from the industrial era.<ref>Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 88.</ref> This type of ranking exemplifies an emerging [[discourse]] in which cities, considered variations on the same ideal type, ''must'' compete with each other globally to achieve prosperity.<ref name=Ward2008 /><ref name=Wachsmuth2014 />

Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. The term "global city" is heavily influenced by economic factors and, thus, may not account for places that are otherwise significant. [[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]], for example argues that the term is "reductive and skewed" in its focus on financial systems.<ref>{{Cite book | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic) | last2= with Magee | first2= Liam | last3= Scerri | first3= Andy | last4= Steger | first4= Manfred B. | title= Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability | url= https://www.academia.edu/9294719 | year= 2015 | publisher= Routledge | location= London | pages= 28, 30 | isbn= 978-1315765747 | access-date= 20 December 2017 | archive-date= 1 March 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210732/https://www.academia.edu/9294719 | url-status= live|quote=Against those writers who, by emphasizing the importance of financial exchange systems, distinguish a few special cities as 'global cities'—commonly London, Paris, New York and Tokyo—we recognize the uneven global dimensions of all the cities that we study. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood, is a globalizing city, though perhaps more significantly in cultural than economic terms. And so is Dili globalizing, the small and 'insignificant' capital of Timor Leste—except this time it is predominantly in political terms...}}</ref>

[[Multinational corporation]]s and [[bank]]s make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context.<ref>Kaplan (2004), 99–106.</ref> American firms dominate the international markets for [[law firm|law]] and [[engineering]] and maintain branches in the biggest foreign global cities.<ref>Kaplan (2004), pp. 91–95. "The United States is also dominant in providing high-quality, global engineering-design services, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the world's total exports. The disproportionate presence of these U.S.-headquartered firms is attributable to the U.S. role in overseas automobile production, the electronics and petroleum industries, and various kinds of construction, including work on the country's numerous overseas air and navy military bases."</ref>

Large cities have a great divide between populations of both ends of the financial spectrum.<ref>Kaplan (2004), pp. 90–92.</ref> Regulations on immigration promote the exploitation of low- and high-skilled immigrant workers from poor areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samers |first=Michael |date=2002-06-28 |title=Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda |url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research|volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=389–3402 |doi=10.1111/1468-2427.00386 |issn=0309-1317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301210732/https://www.academia.edu/9294719 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |quote=And not withstanding some major world cities that do not have comparatively high levels of immigration, like Tokyo, it may in fact be the presence of such large-scale immigrant economic 'communities' (with their attendant global financial remittances and their ability to incubate small business growth, rather than their complementarity to producer services employment) which partially distinguishes mega-cities from other more nationally oriented urban centres.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Jane |title=Global cities at work: new migrant divisions of labour |last2=Datta |first2=Kavita |last3=Evans |first3=Yara |last4=Herbert |first4=Joanna |last5=May |first5=John |last6=McIlwane |first6=Cathy |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7453-2799-0 |editor-last=Wills |editor-first=Jane |location=London |pages=29 |quote=These apparently rather different takes on London's 'global city' status are of course not so far removed from one another as they may first appear. Holding them together is the figure of the migrant worker. The reliance of London's financial institutions and business services industries on the continuing flow of highly skilled labour from overseas is now well known (Beaverstock and Smith 1996). Less well known is the extent to which London's economy as a whole is now dependent upon the labour power of low-paid workers from across the world.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanderson |first1=Matthew R |last2=Derudder |first2=Ben |last3=Timberlake |first3=Michael |last4=Witlox |first4=Frank |date=June 2015 |title=Are world cities also world immigrant cities? An international, cross-city analysis of global centrality and immigration |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020715215604350 |journal=International Journal of Comparative Sociology|volume=56 |issue=3–4 |pages=173–197 |doi=10.1177/0020715215604350 |s2cid=153828266 |issn=0020-7152|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During employment, migrant workers may be subject to unfair working conditions, including working overtime, low wages, and lack of safety in workplaces.{{sfn| Latham | McCormack | McNamara | McNeill | 2009 | pp=49–50}}

{{Wide image|10 mile panorama of NYC, Feb., 2018.jpg|1800px|3=Modern global cities, like [[New York City]], often include large [[central business district]]s (CBDs) that serve as hubs for economic activity. A panorama of [[Manhattan]], the world's largest central business district, is shown with prominent buildings highlighted by number, February 2018.{{flatlist|
# [[Riverside Church]]
# [[Deutsche Bank Center]]
# [[220 Central Park South]]
# [[Central Park Tower]]
# [[One57]]
# [[432 Park Avenue]]
# [[53W53]]
# [[Chrysler Building]]
# [[Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)|Bank of America Tower]]
# [[4 Times Square]]
# [[The New York Times Building]]
# [[Empire State Building]]
# [[Manhattan West]]
# a: [[55 Hudson Yards]], b: [[35 Hudson Yards]], c: [[10 Hudson Yards]], d: [[15 Hudson Yards]]
# [[56 Leonard Street]]
# [[8 Spruce Street]]
# [[Woolworth Building]]
# [[70 Pine Street]]
# [[Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown]]
# [[40 Wall Street]]
# [[3 World Trade Center]]
# [[4 World Trade Center]]
# [[One World Trade Center]]}}
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