Editing Cleft lip and cleft palate (section)

==Other animals==
Cleft lips and palates are occasionally seen in cattle and dogs, and rarely in goats, sheep, cats, horses, [[panda]]s and [[ferret]]s. Most commonly, the defect involves the lip, [[rhinarium]], and [[premaxilla]]. Clefts of the hard and soft palate are sometimes seen with a cleft lip. The cause is usually hereditary.  [[Brachycephalic syndrome|Brachycephalic]] dogs such as [[Boxer (dog)|Boxers]] and [[Boston Terrier]]s are most commonly affected.<ref name=Ettinger_1995>{{cite book| vauthors = Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC |title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9}}</ref> An inherited disorder with incomplete [[penetrance]] has also been suggested in [[Shih tzu]]s, [[Swiss Sheepdog]]s, [[Bulldog]]s, and [[Pointer (dog breed)|Pointers]].<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Rodriguez Garcia JF | title = Surgery of the Soft and Hard Palate | work = Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/516.asp?LA=1 | access-date = April 28, 2007 }}</ref> In horses, it is a rare condition usually involving the caudal soft palate.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Semevolos SA, Ducharme N | title = Surgical Repair of Congenital Cleft Palate in Horses: Eight Cases (1979–1997) | work = Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners | year = 1998 | url = http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/AAEP/1998/Semevolo.pdf | access-date = April 28, 2007 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094038/http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/AAEP/1998/Semevolo.pdf | archive-date = September 29, 2007 }}</ref> In [[Charolais cattle]], clefts are seen in combination with [[arthrogryposis]], which is inherited as an [[Recessive allele|autosomal recessive]] trait.  It is also inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in [[Texel (sheep)|Texel sheep]].  Other contributing factors may include maternal nutritional deficiencies, exposure ''in utero'' to viral infections, trauma, drugs, or chemicals, or ingestion of toxins by the mother, such as certain [[lupin]]es by cattle during the second or third month of [[gestation]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Mouth | work = The Merck Veterinary Manual | year = 2006 | url = http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/20202.htm | access-date = April 28, 2007 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135734/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F20202.htm | archive-date = September 29, 2007 }}</ref> The use of [[corticosteroid]]s during pregnancy in dogs and the ingestion of ''[[Veratrum californicum]]'' by pregnant sheep have also been associated with cleft formation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Beasley, V.|year=1999|title=Teratogenic Agents|work=Veterinary Toxicology|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/cpt8a/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1&table=1|access-date=April 28, 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920044729/http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/cpt8a/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1&table=1|archive-date=September 20, 2004}}</ref>

Difficulty with nursing is the most common problem associated with clefts, but [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[Regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitation]], and [[malnutrition]] are often seen with cleft palate and is a common cause of death.  Providing nutrition through a [[feeding tube]] is often necessary, but corrective surgery in dogs can be done by the age of twelve weeks.<ref name=Ettinger_1995/> For cleft palate, there is a high rate of surgical failure resulting in repeated surgeries.<ref name="pmid16434860">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JI, Kim YS, Kim MJ, Lee J, Choi JH, Yeom DB, Park JM, Hong SH | title = Application of a temporary palatal prosthesis in a puppy suffering from cleft palate | journal = Journal of Veterinary Science | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–95 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16434860 | pmc = 3242096 | doi = 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.93 }}</ref> Surgical techniques for cleft palate in dogs include [[prosthesis]], mucosal flaps, and microvascular [[free flap]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths LG, Sullivan M | title = Bilateral overlapping mucosal single-pedicle flaps for correction of soft palate defects | journal = Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–186 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11300527 | doi = 10.5326/15473317-37-2-183 }}</ref> Affected animals should{{opinion|date=July 2021}} not be bred due to the hereditary nature of this condition.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Cleft lip in boxer.JPG|Cleft lip in a Boxer
File:Cleft lip in boxer 2.JPG|Cleft lip in a Boxer with premaxillary involvement
File:Cleft lip adult dog.JPG|Same dog as picture on left, one year later
</gallery>