Editing Demagogue (section)

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=OED>{{cite web |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/49573 | title=demagogue, n. | work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] | date=June 2012 | access-date=June 13, 2012 | quote=A leader of a popular faction, or of the mob; a political agitator who appeals to the passions and prejudices of the mob in order to obtain power or further his own interests; an unprincipled or factious popular orator. | archive-date=February 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228092925/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=6AFD4C1EC35478F8DA3693E9BD50F9D6?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F49573 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="OED-rabble">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/157001 | title=rabble-rouser, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | access-date=February 9, 2019 | quote=A person who speaks with the intention of inflaming the emotions of the populace or a crowd of people, typically for political reasons; an agitator. | archive-date=February 25, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045843/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/157001 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MW-rabble">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rabble-rouser | title=rabble-rouser | work=Merriam-Webster | access-date=February 9, 2019 | quote=one that stirs up the masses of the people (as to hatred or violence) : demagogue | archive-date=April 18, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418201928/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rabble-rouser | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Ostwald>{{cite book | title=From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law | publisher=University of California Press | author=Ostwald, Martin | year=1989 | page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsIEF1KDfeUC&pg=PA201 | isbn=978-0520067981 | access-date=2016-10-14 | archive-date=2017-09-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913095038/https://books.google.com/books?id=gsIEF1KDfeUC&pg=PA201 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<!--<ref name="Ceaser">{{cite book | title=Designing a Polity: America's Constitution in Theory and Practice | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | author=Ceaser, James W. | chapter=Demagoguery, Statesmanship, and Presidential Politics | year=2011 | pages=75–118 | isbn=1442207906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTz-2DB0Xb8C&pg=PA90}}</ref>-->

<ref name="Signer">{{cite book | title=Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies | publisher=Macmillan | last=Signer |first=Michael | author-link=Michael Signer | year=2009 | isbn=978-0230606241 |url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign }}</ref>

<ref name="Cooper">{{cite book |author1=Cooper, James Fenimore |author-link1=James Fenimore Cooper |title=The American Democrat, or Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America |date=1838 |publisher=H. & E. Phinney |location=Cooperstown |pages=98–104 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HQSAAAAIAAJ&q=%22on+demagogues%22+%22fenimore+cooper%22&pg=PA98 |chapter=On Demagogues |oclc=838066322 |access-date=2020-10-25 |archive-date=2021-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719170918/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HQSAAAAIAAJ&q=%22on+demagogues%22+%22fenimore+cooper%22&pg=PA98 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Shirer-noses">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8svb-MNUwC&q=rise%20fall%20third%20reich%20shirer&pg=PA119 | title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | publisher=Simon & Schuster | author=Shirer, William | author-link=William L. Shirer | year=1960 | location=New York | page=119 | quote=He had explained the new tactics to one of his henchmen, Karl Ludecke, while still in prison: 'When I resume active work, it will be necessary to pursue a new policy. Instead of working to achieve power by armed coup, we shall have to hold our noses and enter the Reichstag against the Catholic and Marxist deputies. If outvoting them takes longer than outshooting them, at least the result will be guaranteed by their own constitution. … Sooner or later we shall have a majority—and after that, Germany.' | lccn = 60-6729 | access-date=2020-10-25 | archive-date=2021-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719170941/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8svb-MNUwC&q=rise+fall+third+reich+shirer&pg=PA119 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Shirer-platform">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8svb-MNUwC&q=rise+fall+third+reich+shirer | title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | publisher=Simon & Schuster | author=Shirer, William | author-link=William L. Shirer | year=1960 | location=New York | pages=40–42 | quote=A good many paragraphs of the party program were obviously merely a demagogic appeal to the mood of the lower classes when they were in bad straits… Point 11, for example, demanded abolition of incomes unearned by work; Point 12, the nationalization of trusts… Point 18 demanded the death penalty for traitors, usurers, and profiteers. | lccn = 60-6729 | access-date=2020-10-25 | archive-date=2021-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719170919/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8svb-MNUwC&q=rise+fall+third+reich+shirer | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Samons-etym">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhoFUylKLAAC&pg=PA43 | title=What's Wrong with Democracy? From Athenian Practice to American Worship | publisher=University of California Press | author=Samons, Loren J. | year=2004 | pages=43–44 | isbn=978-0520236608 | access-date=2016-07-22 | archive-date=2017-01-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119003142/https://books.google.com/books?id=HhoFUylKLAAC&pg=PA43 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Roberts-Miller">{{cite journal |url=https://sdsuwriting.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/75389567/roberts-miller_demagoguery.pdf | title=Democracy, Demagoguery, and Critical Rhetoric | author=Roberts-Miller, Patricia | journal=Rhetoric & Public Affairs | date=Fall 2005 | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=459–476 | doi=10.1353/rap.2005.0069 | s2cid=155071922 | access-date=2016-07-29 | archive-date=2016-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817110712/https://sdsuwriting.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/75389567/roberts-miller_demagoguery.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dorgan-insult">[[Howard Dorgan|Dorgan, Howard]] (1981). "'Pitchfork Ben' Tillman and 'The Race Problem from a Southern Point of View'" in ''The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,'' ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, p. 47. Louisiana University Press.</ref>

<ref name="Dorgan-rape">[[Howard Dorgan|Dorgan, Howard]] (1981). "'Pitchfork Ben' Tillman and 'The Race Problem from a Southern Point of View'" in ''The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,'' ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, p. 63. Louisiana University Press.</ref>

<ref name="Gustainis">{{cite journal |url=https://sdsuwriting.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/73380194/Gustainis_overview_demagoguery_lit.pdf | title=Demagoguery and Political Rhetoric: A Review of the Literature | author=Gustainis, J. Justin | journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly | date=Spring 1990 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=155–161 | doi=10.1080/02773949009390878 | access-date=2016-07-29 | archive-date=2016-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817094045/https://sdsuwriting.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/73380194/Gustainis_overview_demagoguery_lit.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Logue">Logue, Cal M. and Howard Dorgan (1981) "The Demagogue" in ''The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,'' ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, pp. 1–11. Louisiana University Press.</ref>

<ref name=Strickland>Strickland, William M. (1981). "James Kimble Vardaman," in ''The Oratory of Southern Demagogues,'' ed. Cal M. Logue and Howard Dorgan, pp. 66–82. Louisiana University Press.</ref>

<ref name=LarsonDefn>Larson, Allan Louis (1964). ''Southern Demagogues: A Study in Charismatic Leadership,'' pp. 76, 79, 85. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.</ref>

<ref name=LomasRhetoric>Lomas, Charles W. (1961). "The Rhetoric of Demagoguery." ''Western Journal of Speech Communication,'' vol. 25, no. 3., p. 160.</ref>

<ref name=ShirerOratory>[[William L. Shirer|Shirer, William]]. ''William Shirer's Twentieth-Century Journey: 1930–1940: The Nightmare Years,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=oR_IAgAAQBAJ&dq=shirer+twentieth+century+hitler+eloquence&pg=PT160 vol. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118193641/https://books.google.com/books?id=oR_IAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT160&dq=shirer%20twentieth%20century%20hitler%20eloquence&pg=PT160#v=onepage&q=shirer%20twentieth%20century%20hitler%20eloquence&f=false |date=2017-01-18 }}.</ref>

<ref name="GilbertLying">{{cite journal | title=Dictators and Demagogues | date=Summer 1955 | author=Gilbert, G.M. | journal=Journal of Social Issues | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=51–52 | quote=[A demagogue's] behavior is guided more by its potential effect in beguiling public opinion than by any scrupulous regard for the truth, for basic social values, or for the integrity of the individual in his person, property, livelihood, or reputation—his assertion of patriotic and pious platitudes notwithstanding.| doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1955.tb00330.x }}</ref>

<ref name="GilbertMcCarthy">{{cite journal | title=Dictators and Demagogues | date=Summer 1955 | author=Gilbert, G.M. | journal=Journal of Social Issues | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=52–53 | quote=Perhaps most dangerous of all is his insinuation that anybody who is against him is a communist sympathizer—an insinuation that has done more than anything else to intimidate free expression of opinion on vital issues and on demagoguery in America.| doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1955.tb00330.x }}</ref>

<ref name="Shore-Cleon">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV9QNTZnL9sC&pg=PA16 | title=Blunder: Why Smart People Make Bad Decisions | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | author=Shore, Zachary | year=2010 | pages=16 ff | isbn=978-1608192540 | access-date=2020-10-25 | archive-date=2021-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719170918/https://books.google.com/books?id=EV9QNTZnL9sC&pg=PA16 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Thucydides">[[Thucydides]] (427 BC). ''History of the Peloponnesian War,'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/readings/thucydides6.html book 6, §37ff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020224425/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/readings/thucydides6.html |date=2016-10-20 }}, "The Mytilenean Debate."</ref>

<ref name="Dykeman-folksy">{{cite journal | title=The Southern Demagogue | author=Dykeman, Wilma | author-link=Wilma Dykeman | journal=The Virginia Quarterly Review | volume=33 | issue=4 | page=561 | date=Fall 1957|id = {{ProQuest|1291778229}}}}</ref>

<ref name=Davis>Davis, David Martin (2016). "Texas Matters: Pass the Biscuits, Pappy", [http://tpr.org/post/texas-matters-pass-biscuits-pappy-part-two part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821040845/http://tpr.org/post/texas-matters-pass-biscuits-pappy-part-two |date=2016-08-21 }}. Texas Public Radio, April 18, 2016.</ref>

<ref name="Allport-scapegoat">[[Gordon Allport|Allport, Gordon Willard]]. ''The Nature of Prejudice, 25th-anniversary edition'' (1979), [https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HObxRtdcwC&pg=PA420 p. 420] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118185048/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HObxRtdcwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA420 |date=2017-01-18 }}. Basic Books.</ref>

<ref name="Allport-points">[[Gordon Allport|Allport, Gordon Willard]]. ''The Nature of Prejudice, 25th-anniversary edition'' (1979), [https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HObxRtdcwC&pg=PA414 p. 414] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118184908/https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HObxRtdcwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA414 |date=2017-01-18 }}. Basic Books.</ref>

<ref name="Williams-audacious">T. Harry Williams (1970). ''Huey Long'', p. 37, quoted in {{cite book | title=Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies | publisher=Macmillan | author=Signer, Michael | author-link=Michael Signer | chapter=Part II, Demagoguery in America | year=2009 | page=[https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/112 112] | isbn=978-0230606241 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign |url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/112 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brinkley-shameless">Alan Brinkley (1983). ''Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Charles Coughlin, and the Great Depression'', p. 31, quoted in {{cite book | title=Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies | publisher=Macmillan | author=Signer, Michael | author-link=Michael Signer | chapter=Part II, Demagoguery in America | year=2009 | page=[https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/113 113] | isbn=978-0230606241 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign |url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/113 }}</ref>

<ref name="Signer-pajamas">{{cite book | title=Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies | publisher=Macmillan | author=Signer, Michael | author-link=Michael Signer | chapter=Part II, Demagoguery in America | year=2009 | page=[https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/113 113] | isbn=978-0230606241 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign |url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/113 }}</ref>

<ref name="Signer-nekkid">{{cite book | title=Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies | publisher=Macmillan | author=Signer, Michael | author-link=Michael Signer | chapter=Part II, Demagoguery in America | year=2009 | page=[https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/116 116] | isbn=978-0230606241 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign |url=https://archive.org/details/demagoguefightto00sign/page/116 }}</ref>

<ref name=Ceaser87>{{cite book | title=Designing a Polity: America's Constitution in Theory and Practice | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | author=Ceaser, James W. | chapter=Demagoguery, Statesmanship, and Presidential Politics | year=2011 | pages=87–88 | isbn=978-1442207905 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTz-2DB0Xb8C&pg=PA87 | access-date=2016-11-12 | archive-date=2017-09-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913072736/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTz-2DB0Xb8C&pg=PA87 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=kozminski>Koźmiński, Andrzej K. (1993) ''Catching Up?: Organizational and Management Change in the Ex-Socialist Block,'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=mc7ENStksckC&pg=PA23 p. 23] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913070642/https://books.google.com/books?id=mc7ENStksckC&pg=PA23 |date=2017-09-13 }}. SUNY Press.</ref>

<ref name=sztompka>Sztompka, Piotr (2003). "Trust: A Cultural Resource" in ''The Moral Fabric in Contemporary Societies,'' ed. Graçzyna Skñapska, Anna Maria Orla-Bukowska, Krzysztof Kowalski, [https://books.google.com/books?id=P229pQeq0i8C&pg=PA58 p. 58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913105704/https://books.google.com/books?id=P229pQeq0i8C&pg=PA58 |date=2017-09-13 }}. Brill.</ref>

<ref name="Rhodes-promise">Rhodes, Peter John (2004). ''Athenian Democracy'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=XQLZDKLdz_EC&pg=PA178 p. 178] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913093146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQLZDKLdz_EC&pg=PA178 |date=2017-09-13 }}. Oxford University Press.</ref>

<ref name="mitchell">{{cite book | title=Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933 | publisher=McFarland | author=Mitchell, Otis | year=2013 | pages=154–169}}</ref>

<ref name=dionysius>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] (c.&nbsp;20&nbsp;BCE), ''Antiquities of Rome''. Quoted in Luthin (1954), ''American Demagogues,'' p.&nbsp;vii.</ref>

<ref name="Luthin">{{cite book | title=American Demagogues |url=https://archive.org/details/americandemagogu0000luth | url-access=registration | publisher=Beacon Press | last=Luthin |first=Reinhard H. | author-link=Reinhard H. Luthin | year=1954 |asin=B0007DN37C |oclc=1098334}}</ref>

<ref name=Macaulay>[[Thomas Babington Macaulay]] (1849). ''The History of England from the Accession of James&nbsp;II'', Vol.&nbsp;I, [https://archive.org/details/historyofenglan01maca/page/530 p. 530]. A variant is quoted by [[José Ortega y Gasset]] in ''History As a System'' (1935), [https://books.google.com/books?id=att5WcMlI-cC&pg=PA76 p. 76] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719170922/https://books.google.com/books?id=att5WcMlI-cC&pg=PA76 |date=2021-07-19 }}: "We must realize that it is very hard to save a civilization when its hour has come to fall beneath the power of demagogues. For the demagogue has been the great strangler of civilization. Both Greek and Roman civilizations fell at the hands of this loathesome creature who brought from Macaulay the remark that 'in every century the vilest examples of human nature have been among demagogues.' But a man is not a demagogue simply because he stands up and shouts at the crowd. There are times when this can be a hallowed office. The real demagogy of the demagogue is in his mind and is rooted in his irresponsibility towards the ideas that he handles [the ideas of his civilization]—ideas not of his own creation, but which he has only taken over from their true creators. Demagogy is a form of intellectual degeneration."</ref>
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