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Disability
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===== Intellectual disability ===== Many countries have programs which aid [[Intellectual disability|intellectually disabled (ID)]] people to acquire skills needed in the workforce.<ref name=":0x">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blick RN, Litz KS, Thornhill MG, Goreczny AJ |date=JuneβJuly 2016 |title=Do inclusive work environments matter? Effects of community-integrated employment on quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=53-54| pages=358β366| doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.015 |pmid=26977937}}</ref> Such programs include sheltered workshops and adult day care programs. Sheltered programs consist of daytime activities such as gardening, manufacturing, and assembling. These activities facilitate routine-oriented tasks that in turn allow ID people to gain experience before entering the workforce. Similarly, adult day care programs also include day time activities. However, these activities are based in an educational environment where ID people are able to engage in educational, physical, and communication-based tasks which helps facilitate communication, memory, and general living skills. In addition, adult day care programs arranged community activities by scheduling field trips to public places (e.g. zoos, and movie theaters). Despite both programs providing essential skills for intellectually disabled people prior to entering the workforce, researchers have found that ID people prefer to be involved with [[Community integration|community-integrated employment]].<ref name=":0x" /> Community-integrated employment opportunities are offered to ID people at minimum or higher wages, in a variety of occupations ranging from customer service, clerical, janitorial, hospitality and manufacturing positions. ID employees work alongside employees without disabilities who are able to assist them with training. All three options allow intellectually disabled people to develop and exercise social skills that are vital to everyday life. However, it is not guaranteed that ID employees receive the same treatment as employees without ID; according to Lindstrom et al., community-integrated employees are less likely to receive raises, and only 26% are able to retain full-time status.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindstrom L, Hirano KA, McCarthy C, Alverson CV |date=May 2014 |title='Just having a job': Career advancement for low-wage workers with intellectual and developmental disabilities |journal=Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=40β49 |doi=10.1177/2165143414522092 |s2cid=145212407 }}</ref> Finding a stable workforce poses additional challenges. A study published in the ''Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability'' indicated that although finding a job may be difficult, stabilizing a job is even harder.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banks P, Jahoda A, Dagnan D, Kemp J, Williams V |year=2010 |title=Supported Employment for People with Intellectual Disability: The Effects of Job Breakdown on Psychological Well-Being |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities |volume=23 |issue=4| pages=344β354 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00541.x}}</ref> Chadsey-Rusch proposed that securing employment for ID people requires adequate production skills and effective social skills.<ref name=":2"/> Other underlying factors for job loss include structural factors and worker-workplace integration. As stated by Kilsby, limited structural factors can affect a multitude of factors in a job, such as a restricted number of hours an ID person is allowed to work. This in return, according to Fabian et al., leads to a lack of opportunity to develop relationships with coworkers or to better integrate within the workplace. Nevertheless, those who are unable to stabilize a job often are left discouraged. According to the same study conducted by JARID, many who had participated found that they had made smaller incomes when compared to their co-workers, had an excess of time throughout their days, because they did not have work. They also had feelings of hopelessness and failure. According to the US National Organization on Disability, not only do ID people face constant discouragement, but many live below the poverty line, because they are unable to find or stabilize employment and because of employee restricting factors placed on ID workers.<ref name=":1"/> This renders ID people unable to provide for themselves, including basic necessities such as food, medical care, transportation, and housing.
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