Editing Economic sanctions (section)

==Further reading==
* Ashouri, Mahan "The Role of  transnational Private  Actors in Ukraine International Flight 752 Crash  in Iran Under Economic Sanctions Pressure" (2021) [https://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/The_Role_of_Transnational_Private_Actors_in_Ukraine_International_Flight_752_2.pdf]
* Brzoska, Michael. "International sanctions before and beyond UN sanctions." ''International Affairs'' 91.6 (2015): 1339–1349.
* Caruso, Raul. "The impact of international economic sanctions on trade: An empirical analysis." ''Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy'' 9.2 (2003) [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9310993.pdf online].
* Cortright, David, et al. ''The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s'' (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
* Doxey, Margaret P. ''International sanctions in contemporary perspective'' (1987) [https://archive.org/details/internationalsan0000doxe online]
** Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions: a framework for analysis with special reference to the UN and Southern Africa." ''International organization'' 26.3 (1972): 527–550.
** Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions in theory and practice." ''Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law'' 15 (1983): 273+. [http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1806&context=jil online]
* Drezner, Daniel W. ''The Sanctions Paradox''. (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
* Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Joseph Wright. "Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers." ''International studies quarterly'' 54.2 (2010): 335–359. [https://www.ucdc.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/Academic/Courses/V12SB/sanctions%20and%20authoritarian%20rulers.pdf online]
* Felbermayr, Gabriel; Morgan, T. Clifton; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yotov, Yoto V. (2025). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081623-020909|Economic Sanctions: Stylized Facts and Quantitative Evidence]]". ''Annual Review of Economics''.
* Farrall, Jeremy Matam. ''United Nations sanctions and the rule of law'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007). [https://www.michaelkirby.com.au/images/stories/speeches/2000s/vol65+/2008/2285-BOOK_REVIEW_UN_SANCTIONS_MAY_2008.doc online]
* Hufbauer, Gary C. ''Economic sanctions and American diplomacy'' (Council on Foreign Relations, 1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=urvIo1FQWZwC&dq=International+Sanctions++Hufbauer,+Gary+C.&pg=PP9 online].
* Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberley Ann Elliott. '' Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy'' (Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 1990)
* Kaempfer, William H. ''International economic sanctions: a public choice perspective'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/internationaleco0000kaem online]
* Köchler, Hans. ''The United Nations sanctions policy & international law'' (1995) [https://archive.org/details/unitednationssan0000koch online]
* [[Paul Krugman|Krugman, Paul]], "The American Way of Economic war: Is Washington Overusing Its Most Powerful Weapons?" (review of [[Henry Farrell (political scientist)|Henry Farrell]] and [[Abraham L. Newman|Abraham Newman]], ''Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy'', Henry Holt, 2023, 288 pp.), ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 103, no. 1 (January/February 2024), pp.&nbsp;150–156. "The [U.S.] dollar is one of the few currencies that almost all major banks will accept, and... the most widely used... As a result, the dollar is the currency that many companies must use... to do international business." (p.&nbsp;150.) "[L]ocal banks facilitating that trade... normally... buy U.S. dollars and then use dollars to buy [another local currency]. To do so, however, the banks must have access to the U.S. financial system and... follow rules laid out by Washington." (pp.&nbsp;151–152.) "But there is another, lesser-known reason why the [U.S.] commands overwhelming economic power. Most of the world's [[fiber-optic cables]], which carry data and messages around the planet, travel through the United States." (p.&nbsp;152.) "[T]he U.S. government has installed 'splitters': [[prism (optics)|prism]]s that divide the beams of light carrying information into two streams. One... goes on to the intended recipients, ... the other goes to the [[National Security Administration|National Security Agency]], which then uses high-powered [[computation]] to analyze the data. As a result, the [U.S.] can monitor almost all international communication." (p.&nbsp;154) This has allowed the U.S. "to effectively cut [[Iran]] out of the world financial system... Iran's economy stagnated... Eventually, Tehran agreed to cut back its [[nuclear reactor|nuclear]] programs in exchange for relief." (pp.&nbsp;153–154.) "[A] few years ago, American officials... were in a panic about [the Chinese company] [[Huawei]]... which... seemed poised to supply [[5G]] equipment to much of the planet [thereby possibly] giv[ing] China the power to eavesdrop on the rest of the world – just as the [U.S.] has done.... The [U.S.] learned that Huawei had been dealing surreptitiously with Iran – and therefore violating U.S. sanctions. Then, it... used its special access to information on international bank data to [show] that [Huawei]'s [[chief financial officer]], [[Meng Wanzhou]] (... the founder's daughter), had committed [[bank fraud]] by falsely telling the British [[financial services company]] [[HSBC]] that her company was not doing business with Iran. Canadian authorities, acting on a U.S. request, arrested her... in December 2018. After... almost three years under house arrest... Meng... was allowed to return to China... But by [then] the prospects for Chinese dominance of 5G had vanished..." (pp.&nbsp;154–155.) Farrell and Newman, writes Krugman, "are worried about the possibility of [U.S. ''Underground Empire''] overreach. [I]f the [U.S.] weaponizes the dollar against too many countries, they might... band together and adopt alternative methods of international payment. If countries become deeply worried about U.S. spying, they could lay fiber-optic cables that bypass the [U.S.]. And if Washington puts too many restrictions on American exports, foreign firms might turn away from U.S. technology." (p.&nbsp;155.)
* Mulder, Nicholas. ''The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Weapon-Rise-Sanctions-Modern/dp/0300259360/ excerpt] also see [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-economic-weapon-book-review-the-limits-of-sanctions-from-abyssinia-to-ukraine-11643302954?mod=djembooks online review]
* Nossal, Kim Richard. "International sanctions as international punishment." ''International Organization'' 43.2 (1989): 301–322.
* Royal Institute of International Affairs. ''International Sanctions'' (1935).
*{{cite book|last=Selden|first=Zachary|title=Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-275-96387-3}}
* Stevenson, Tom, "First Recourse for Rebels" (review of Nicholas Mulder, ''The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War'', Yale, 2022, {{ISBN|978 0 300 25936 0}}, 434 pp.), ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 44, no. 6 (24 March 2022), pp.&nbsp;25–29. "US sanctions are based on monopoly power over a global commons: the world's reserve currency and medium of exchange." (p.&nbsp;25.) "At some point the US may no longer be in a position to exploit its financial centrality as it does now. For large parts of the world that moment will be cause for celebration." (p.&nbsp;29.)