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===Sources=== * {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861β1866|year=2000|publisher=Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976; New York: Fordham University Press, 2000|isbn=9780823220113}} * {{cite journal|last=Bonekemper|first=Edward H.|title=Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 1860β1870|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=55|issue=3|date=July 1970|jstor=2716419|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716419|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Willis D.|title=The Γle a Vache Colonization Venture, 1862β1864|journal=The Americas|volume=16|issue=1|date=July 1959|jstor=979258|pages=45β62|doi=10.2307/979258|s2cid=146849257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/979258|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Byrne|first=William A.|title='Uncle Billy' Sherman Comes to Town: The Free Winter of Black Savannah|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=79|issue=1|date=Spring 1995|jstor=40583184|pages=91β116|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40583184|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=William|title=At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861β1915|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-8071-1621-1}} * {{cite journal|author-link=LaWanda Cox|last=Cox|first=LaWanda|title=The Promise of Land for the Freedmen|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=45|issue=3|date=December 1958|jstor=1889319|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889319|access-date=21 June 2013|pages=413β440|doi=10.2307/1889319|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Drago|first=Edmund L.|title=How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=57|issue=3|date=Fall 1973|jstor=40579903|pages=361β375|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40579903|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|author-link=W. E. B. Du Bois|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. B.|title=Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860β1880|location=New York|publisher=Russell & Russell|year=1935|url=https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruc00dubo}} * {{cite journal|last=Dyer|first=Brainerd|title=The Persistence of the Idea of Negro Colonization|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=12|issue=1|date=March 1943|jstor=3633335|pages=53β65|doi=10.2307/3633335|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633335|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Engs|first=Robert Francis|title=Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861β1890|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8122-7768-6}} * {{cite book|author-link=Eric Foner|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863β1877|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|orig-year=1989|year=2011|isbn=9780062035868}} * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|chapter-url=http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/Q2.C16.foner.pdf|chapter=The Languages of Change: Sources of Black Ideology During the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/quaderno2.html|title=Quaderno II: The Languages of Revolution]|publisher=Milan Group in Early United States History|year=1988|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610012102/http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/Quaderno/Quaderno2/quaderno2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2010}} * {{cite book|last1=Hahn|first1=Steven|first2=Stephen F.|last2=Miller|first3=Susan E.|last3=O'Donovan|first4=John C.|last4=Rodrigue|first5=Leslie S.|last5=Rowland|title=Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861β1867; Series 3: Volume 1: Land and Labor, 1865|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=2008|others=[Text includes unattributed essays from the editors.]}} * {{cite book|last=Hermann|first=Janet Sharp|title=The Pursuit of a Dream|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981|isbn=0195028872}} * {{cite journal|last=Jackson|first=L.P.|title=The Origin of Hampton Institute|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=10|issue=2|date=April 1925|jstor=2713934|pages=131β149|doi=10.2307/2713934|s2cid=150288378|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713934|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=James, Josef C.|title=Sherman at Savannah|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=39|issue=2|date=April 1954|jstor=2715755|pages=127β137|doi=10.2307/2715755|s2cid=149703494|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715755|access-date=27 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Lockett|first=James D.|title=Abraham Lincoln and Colonization: An Episode That Ends in Tragedy at L'Ile a Vache, Haiti, 1863β1864|journal=Journal of Black Studies|volume=21|issue=4|date=June 1991|jstor=2784687|pages=428β444|doi=10.1177/002193479102100404|s2cid=144846693|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784687|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last1=Magness|first1=Phillip W.|first2=Sebastian N.|last2=Page|title=Colonization after Emancipation: Lincoln and the Movement for Black Resettlement|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-82621909-1}} * {{cite journal |last=McDougall |first=Harold A. |url=https://socialchangenyu.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/HAROLD-A.-McDOUGALL_RLSC_9.2.pdf |title=Black Landowners Beware: A Proposal for Statutory Reform |journal=Review of Law and Social Change |issue=IX |date=1979β1980 |pages=127β161}} * {{cite book|last=McFeely|first=William S.|title=Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press, 1968; Norton, 1994|isbn=9780393311785}} * {{cite journal|last=McKenzie|first=Robert Tracy|title=Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 1865β1880|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=59|issue=1|date=February 1993|jstor=2210348|pages=63β84|doi=10.2307/2210348|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2210348|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Medford|first=Edna Greene|title=Land and Labor: The Quest for Black Economic Independence on Virginia's Lower Peninsula, 1865β1880|journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=100|issue=4|date=October 1992|jstor=4249314|pages=567β582|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4249314|access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|author-link=Thomas W. Mitchell|last=Mitchell|first=Thomas W.|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1544380|title=From Reconstruction to Deconstruction: Undermining Black Landownership, Political Independence, and Community Through Partition Sales of Tenancies in Common|journal=Northwestern University Law Review|volume=95|issue=2|year=2001}}. Originally printed as {{cite book|author=University of WisconsinβMadison Land Tenure Center|url=http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|title=Research Paper #132|date=March 2000|publisher=Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison |isbn=0-934519-81-1}} * {{cite journal|last1=Otabor|first1=Charlotte|first2=Jessica Gordon|last2=Nembhard|url=http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|title=The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi|journal=Howard University Center on Race and Wealth, Working Paper|date=January 2012|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=31 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054643/http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Oubre|first=Claude F.|title=Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1978}} * {{cite journal|last=Page|first=Sebastian N.|url=https://www.academia.edu/1157879|title=Lincoln and ChiriquΓ Colonization Revisited|journal=American Nineteenth Century History|volume=12|issue=3|year=2011|pages=289β325|doi=10.1080/14664658.2011.626160|s2cid=143566173}} * {{cite book|author=Reid, Dbra A. and Evan P. Bennett|title=Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction|location=Gainesville, FL|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2012}} * {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Willie Lee|title=Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1964}} * {{cite book|last=Saville|first=Julie|title=The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860β1870|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-36221-0}} * {{cite journal|last=Voegeli|first=V. Jacque|title=A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation|journal=Journal of Southern History|volume=69|issue=4|date=November 2003|jstor=30040096|pages=765β790|doi=10.2307/30040096|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040096|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite book|last=Webster|first=Laura Josephine|url=https://archive.org/stream/operationfreed01websrich#page/66/mode/2up|title=The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina|publisher=Smith College Studies in History|volume=1|issue=2|date=January 1916}} * {{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Joel|title=After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861β1877|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1965}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Theodore Brantner|title=The Black Codes of the South|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1965}}{{ISBN?}} * {{cite book|author-link=Carter G. Woodson|last=Woodson|first=Carter G.|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf|title=Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States together with a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Association for the Study of Negro Life and History|year=1925}}
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