Editing Gentrification (section)

===United States===
{{main|Gentrification in the United States}}
From a market standpoint, there are two main requirements that are met by the U.S. cities that undergo substantial effects of gentrification. These are: an excess supply of deteriorated housing in central areas, as well as a considerable growth in the availability of professional jobs located in central business districts. These conditions have been met in the U.S. largely as a result of suburbanization and other postindustrial phenomena. There have been three chronological waves of gentrification in the U.S. starting from the 1960s.<ref name="Quastel page needed">{{harvnb|Quastel|2009}}{{pages needed|date=April 2019}}</ref>

The first wave came in the 1960s and early 1970s, led by governments trying to reduce the disinvestment that was taking place in inner-city urban areas.<ref name="Quastel page needed"/> Additionally, starting in the 1960s and 1970s, U.S. industry has created a surplus of housing units as construction of new homes has far surpassed the rate of national household growth. However, the market forces that are dictated by an excess supply cannot fully explain the geographical specificity of gentrification in the U.S., for there are many large cities that meet this requirement and have not exhibited gentrification.

The missing link is another factor that can be explained by particular, necessary demand forces. In U.S. cities in the time period from 1970 to 1978, growth of the central business district at around 20% did not dictate conditions for gentrification, while growth at or above 33% yielded appreciably larger gentrification activity.<ref name="Lees page needed"/> Central business district growth will activate gentrification in the presence of a surplus in the inner city housing market. The 1970s brought the more "widespread" second wave of gentrification, and was sometimes linked to the development of artist communities like SoHo in New York.<ref name="Quastel page needed"/>

In the U.S., the conditions for gentrification were generated by the economic transition from manufacturing to [[Post-industrial society|post-industrial]] [[service economy|service economies]]. The post-[[World War II]] economy experienced a service revolution, which created white-collar jobs and larger opportunities for women in the work force, as well as an expansion in the importance of centralized administrative and cooperate activities. This increased the demand for inner city residences, which were readily available cheaply after much of the movement towards central city abandonment of the 1950s. The coupling of these movements is what became the trigger for the expansive gentrification of U.S. cities, including [[Atlanta]], [[Baltimore]], [[Boston]], [[Philadelphia]], [[St. Louis]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="Lees page needed"/>

The third wave of gentrification occurred in most major cities in the late 1990s and was driven by large-scale developments, public-private partnerships, and government policies.<ref>{{harvnb|Quastel|2009}}{{pages needed |date=May 2019}};  {{harvnb|Hackworth |Rekers |2005}}{{pages needed |date=May 2019}}</ref> Measurement of the rate of gentrification during the period from 1990 to 2010 in 50 U.S. cities showed an increase in the rate of gentrification from 9% in the decade of the 1990s to 20% in the decade from 2000 to 2010 with 8% of the urban neighborhoods in the 50 cities being affected.

Cities with a rate of gentrification of ≈40% or more in the decade from 2000 to 2010 included:<ref name=GoverningRanking>{{cite web |last=Maciag |first=Mike |title=Gentrification in America Report: Where Gentrification Is Occurring |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/census/gentrification-in-cities-governing-report.html#citieslist |website=Governing.com |publisher=[[Governing (magazine)|Governing Magazine]] |access-date=28 February 2015 |date=February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Portland, Oregon]] 58.1%
* [[Washington, D.C.]] 51.9%
* [[Minneapolis]] 50.6%
* [[Seattle]] 50%
* [[Atlanta]] 46.2%
* [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Beach]] 46.2%
* [[Denver]] 42.1%
* [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] 39.7%

Cities with a rate of less than 10% in the decade from 2000 to 2010 included:<ref name=GoverningRanking />
* [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] 8.8%
* [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] 8.3%
* [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] 7%
* [[Cleveland]] 6.7%
* [[Detroit]] 2.8%
* [[Las Vegas]] 2%
* [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] 0%
* [[Arlington, Texas]] 0%