Editing Human brain (section)

===Congenital===
Some brain disorders, such as [[Tay–Sachs disease]],<ref name="Moore">{{cite book |last=Moore |first=S.P. |title=The Definitive Neurological Surgery Board Review |publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |isbn=978-1-4051-0459-3 |page=112 |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkK1a4mEx3IC&pg=PA112}}</ref> are [[congenital disorder|congenital]] and linked to [[Mutation|genetic]] and [[chromosome abnormality|chromosomal]] mutations.<ref name="Pennington">{{cite book |last=Pennington |first=B.F. |title=Diagnosing Learning Disorders, Second Edition: A Neuropsychological Framework |publisher=[[Guilford Press]] |isbn=978-1-60623-786-1 |pages=3–10 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVV10L62z6kC&pg=PA3}}</ref> A rare group of congenital [[cephalic disorder]]s known as [[lissencephaly]] is characterised by the lack of, or inadequacy of, cortical folding.<ref name="Govaert">{{cite book |last1=Govaert |first1=P. |last2=de Vries |first2=L.S. |title=An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography: (CDM 182–183) |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-898683-56-8 |pages=89–92 |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzcaxpvV1JUC&pg=PA89}}</ref> Normal [[prenatal development|development]] of the brain can be affected during [[pregnancy]] by [[nutritional deficiencies]],<ref name="Perese">{{cite book |last=Perese |first=E.F. |title=Psychiatric Advanced Practice Nursing: A Biopsychsocial Foundation for Practice |publisher=[[F.A. Davis]] |isbn=978-0-8036-2999-8 |pages=82–88 |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X_2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82}}</ref> [[teratology|teratogen]]s,<ref name="Kearney">{{cite book |last1=Kearney |first1=C. |last2=Trull |first2=T.J. |title=Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-1-337-09810-6 |page=395 |year=2016  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9q5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA395}}</ref> [[infectious diseases]],<ref name="Stevenson">{{cite book |last1=Stevenson |first1=D.K. |last2=Sunshine |first2=P. |last3=Benitz |first3=W.E. |title=Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80691-6 |page=191 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuekFAj_tIAC&pg=PA191}}</ref> and by the use of [[Recreational drug use|recreational drugs]], including alcohol (which may result in [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorders]]).<ref name="Perese"/><ref name="Dewhurst">{{cite book |last=Dewhurst |first=John |title=Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-65457-6 |page=43 |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfakBRceodcC&pg=PA43}}</ref>
Most [[cerebral arteriovenous malformation]]s are congenital, these tangled networks of blood vessels may remain without symptoms but at their worst may rupture and cause [[intracranial hemorrhage|intracranial hemorrhaging]].<ref name="NINDS">{{cite web |title=Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/arteriovenous-malformations-avms?search-term=arteriovenous%20mal |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>