Editing Oral tradition (section)

===Acceptance and further elaboration===
The theory of oral tradition would undergo elaboration and development as it grew in acceptance.<ref>Foley, John Miles. "Oral Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography." NY: Garland, 1985. ''The Theory of Oral Composition''. Bloomington: IUP, 1991, p. 70</ref> While the number of formulas documented for various traditions proliferated,<ref>A. Orchard, 'Oral Tradition', ''Reading Old English Texts'', ed. K O'Brien O'Keeffe (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 101-23</ref> the concept of the formula remained lexically bound. However, numerous innovations appeared, such as the "formulaic system"<ref>Fry, Donald K. "Old English Formulas and Systems" ''English Studies'' 48 (1967):193-204.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Donald K. Fry responds to what was known, pejoratively, in Greek studies as the "hard Parryist" position, in which the formula was defined in terms of verbatim lexical repetition (see Rosenmyer, Thomas G. "The Formula in Early Greek Poetry" ''Arion'' 4 (1965):295-311). Fry's model proposes underlying generative templates which provide for variation and even artistic creativity within the constraints of strict metrical requirements and extempore composition-in-performance|group=Note}} with structural "substitution slots" for [[syntax|syntactic]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and [[narrative]] necessity (as well as for artistic invention).<ref>Davis, Adam Brooke "Verba volent, scripta manent: Oral Tradition and the Non-Narrative Genres of Old English Poetry." Diss. Univ. of Missouri at Columbia. DAI 52A (1991), 2137 pp. 202, 205</ref> Sophisticated models such as Foley's "word-type placement rules" followed.<ref>Foley, John Miles. Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic. Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 30, 31, 202n22, 207 n36, 211n43</ref> Higher levels of formulaic composition were defined over the years, such as "[[ring composition]]",<ref>Foley, John Miles. "The Singer of Tales in Performance. Bloomington: IUP, 1995. 55, 60, 89 108, 122n40</ref> "responsion"<ref>Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey. "Oral -Formulaic Research in Old English Studies:II" ''Oral Tradition'' 3:1-2 (1988) 138-90, p. 165) Olsen cites Foley's "Hybrid Prosody and Old English Half-Lines" in ''Neophilologus'' 64:284-89 (1980).</ref> and the "[[type-scene]]" (also called a "theme" or "typical scene"<ref>Foley, John Miles. ''The Singer of Tales in Performance''. Bloomington: IUP, 1995. 2, 7, 8n15, 17 et passim.</ref>). Examples include the "Beasts of Battle"<ref>Magoun, Francis P.  "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry." ''Speculum'' 28 (1953): 446-67</ref> and the "Cliffs of Death".<ref>Fry, Donald K. "The Cliff of Death in Old English Poetry." In ''Comparative Research in Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry'', ed. John Miles Foley.  Columbus:  Slavica, 1987, 213-34.</ref> Some of these characteristic patterns of narrative details, (like "the arming sequence;"<ref>[[Paul Zumthor|Zumthor, Paul]] "The Text and the Voice." Transl. Marilyn C. Englehardt. ''New Literary History'' 16 (1984):67-92</ref> "the hero on the beach";<ref>D. K. Crowne, "The Hero on the Beach: An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo-Saxon Poetry", ''Neuphilologische Mitteilungen'', 61 (1960), 371.</ref> "the traveler recognizes his goal")<ref>Clark, George. "The Traveller Recognizes His Goal." ''Journal of English and Germanic Philolog''y, 64 (1965):645-59.</ref> would show evidence of global distribution.<ref>Armstrong, James I. "The Arming Motif in the Iliad". ''The American Journal of Philology'', Vol. 79, No. 4. (1958), pp. 337-354.</ref>

At the same time, the fairly rigid division between oral and literate was replaced by recognition of transitional and compartmentalized texts and societies, including models of [[diglossia]] ([[Brian Stock (historian)|Brian Stock]]<ref>[[Brian Stock (historian)|Brian Stock]]. "The Implications of Literacy. Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)</ref> [[Franz Bäuml]],<ref>Bäuml, Franz H. "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy", in ''Speculum'', Vol. 55, No. 2 (1980), pp.243-244.</ref> and [[Eric Havelock]]).<ref>Havelock, Eric Alfred. ''Preface to Plato''. "Vol. 1 A History of the Greek Mind", Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1963.</ref> Perhaps most importantly, the terms and concepts of "[[orality]]" and "[[literacy]]" came to be replaced with the more useful and apt "[[traditionality]]" and "[[textuality]]".<ref name="autogenerated2">Davis, Adam Brooke. "Agon and Gnomon: Forms and Functions of the Anglo-Saxon Riddles" in ''De Gustibus: Essays for Alain Renoir''. Ed John Miles Foley. NY: Garland, 1992 110-150</ref> Very large units would be defined ([[The Indo-European Return Song]])<ref>Foley, John Miles. ''Immanent Art'' Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 15, 18, 20-21, 34, 45, 63-64, 64n6, 64-68,, 74n23, 75, 76, 77n28, 78, 80, 82, 82n38, 83, 87-91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 103, 104n18, 105, 109, 110n32</ref> and areas outside of [[epic poetry|military epic]] would come under investigation: women's song,<ref>[[Marta Weigle|Weigle, Marta]]. "Women's Expressive Forms" in Foley, John Miles, ed. "Teaching Oral Traditions" NY:MLA 1998. pp. 298-</ref> [[riddle]]s<ref name="autogenerated2" /> and other genres.

The methodology of oral tradition now conditions a large variety of studies, not only in [[folklore]], [[literature]] and literacy, but in [[philosophy]],<ref>Kevin Robb. "Greek Oral Memory and the Origins of Philosophy." ''The Personalist: An International Review of Philosophy'', 51:5-45.;
A study of the AG oral mentality that assumes (1) the existence of composition and thinking that took shape under the aegis of oral patterns, (2) the educational apparatus as an oral system, and (3) the origins of philosophy as we know it in the abstract intellectual reaction against the oral mentality. The opening section on historical background covers developments in archaeology and textual criticism (including Parry's work) since the late nineteenth century, with descriptions of and comments on formulaic and thematic structure. In "The Technique of the Oral Poet" (14-22), he sketches both a synchronic picture of the singer weaving his narrative and a diachronic view of the tradition developing over time. In the third part, on the psychology of performance, he discusses "the prevalence of rhythmic speech over prose; the prevalence of the event' over the abstraction'; and the prevalence of the paratactic arrangement of parts... over alternative schema possible in other styles" (23). In sympathy with Havelock (1963), he interprets Plato's reaction against the poets as one against the oral mentality and its educative process.</ref> [[communication theory]],<ref>"Review: Communication Studies as American Studies" Daniel Czitrom ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 42, No. 4 (Dec., 1990), pp. 678-683</ref> [[Semiotics]],<ref>Nimis, Stephen A. ''Narrative Semiotics in the Epic Tradition''. Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1988</ref> and including a very broad and continually expanding variety of languages and ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html |title= African American Culture Through Oral Tradition|website=www.gwu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124025135/http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html |archive-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wsupress.wayne.edu/literature/armenian/hacikyanhal1.htm |title=Wayne State University Press - Language and Literature: - Page 1 |publisher=Wsupress.wayne.edu |access-date=2012-10-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210055400/http://wsupress.wayne.edu/literature/armenian/hacikyanhal1.htm |archive-date=2012-02-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/literature/article_view?article_id=lico_articles_bpl376 |title= Native/American Digital Storytelling: Situating the Cherokee Oral Tradition within American Literary History : Literature Compass|website=www.blackwell-compass.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209224529/http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/literature/article_view?article_id=lico_articles_bpl376 |archive-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/poldiscourse/casablanca/sarhrouny1.html |title= Women in Oral Literature: Dreams of Transgressions in two Berber Wonder Tales|website=www.usp.nus.edu.sg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313044612/http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/post/poldiscourse/casablanca/sarhrouny1.html |archive-date=March 13, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol18_2/&filename=McGrath.htm |title=Studies in Canadian Literature |publisher=Lib.unb.ca |access-date=2012-10-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805160107/http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/SCL/bin/get.cgi?directory=vol18_2%2F&filename=McGrath.htm |archive-date=2011-08-05 }}</ref> and perhaps most conspicuously in [[biblical studies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/1i/3_culley.pdf |title=Oral Tradition |access-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035834/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/1i/3_culley.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-29 }}</ref> in which [[Werner Kelber]] has been especially prominent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelber |first1=Werner H |title=Oral Tradition in Bible and New Testament Studies |journal=Oral Tradition |date=2003 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=40–42 |id={{Project MUSE|51595}} |doi=10.1353/ort.2004.0025 |doi-access=free |hdl=10355/64878 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The annual bibliography is indexed by 100 areas, most of which are ethnolinguistic divisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oraltradition.org/bibliography/areas |title=Oral Tradition |publisher=Oral Tradition |access-date=2012-10-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028144615/http://oraltradition.org/bibliography/areas |archive-date=2012-10-28 }}</ref>

Present developments explore the implications of the theory for [[rhetoric]]<ref>Boni, Stefano. Contents and contexts : the rhetoric of oral traditions in the oman of Sefwi Wiawso, Ghana. Africa. 70 (4) 2000, pages 568-594. London</ref> and [[composition (language)|composition]],<ref>Miller, Susan, ''Rescuing the Subject. A Critical Introduction to Rhetoric and the Writer''. Southern Illinois University Press, 2004</ref> [[interpersonal communication]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minton |first1=John |title=The Reverend Lamar Roberts and the Mediation of Oral Tradition |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=1995 |volume=108 |issue=427 |pages=3–37 |doi=10.2307/541732 |jstor=541732 }}</ref> [[cross-cultural communication]],<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Simpkins |first1=Maureen |title=From Ear to Ear: Cross-Cultural Understandings of Aboriginal Oral Tradition |pages=263–268 |editor1-last=Mojab |editor1-first=Shahrzad |editor2-last=McQueen |editor2-first=William |conference=Adult Education and the Contested Terrain of Public Policy. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education |date=2002 |id={{ERIC|ED478964}} }}</ref> [[postcolonial studies]],<ref>''"Culture Education" and the Challenge of Globalization in Modern Nigeria'' by Ademola Omobewaji Dasylva. This paper has to do with the challenges of globalization in modern Nigeria and the process of "culture education," a terminology used to emphasize the peculiar means and methods of instruction by which a society imparts its body of values and mores in the pursuance and attainment of the society's collective vision, aspirations, and goals. Within this framework, this paper examines the legacies of imperialism and colonization within the Nigerian educational system––particularly in reference to the teaching of folklore and oral tradition––including the destruction of indigenous knowledge systems and the continuing lack of adequate resources in African universities. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for a more fully synthesized indigenous and formal Nigerian educational system as a method of addressing postcolonial rupture. [http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/21ii/Dasylva.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529035829/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/21ii/Dasylva.pdf |date=2008-05-29 }} ''Oral Tradition'' 21/2 (2006):325-41.</ref> [[rural community development]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaf.edu/iac/RHS/about.html |title=General Information - Rural Human Services Program |website=www.uaf.edu |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907025120/http://www.uaf.edu/iac/RHS/about.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[popular culture]]<ref>Skidmore, Thomas E. ''Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1974 p. 89</ref> and [[film studies]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=382&Itemid=46 |title=Culture, Communication and Media Studies - Oral Traditions and Weapons of Resistance: The Modern Africa Filmmaker as Griot |website=Culture, Communication & Media Studies - UKZN |last1=Peplinski |first1=Carrie |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070823/http://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=382&Itemid=46 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and many other areas. The most significant areas of theoretical development at present may be the construction of systematic [[hermeneutics]]<ref>J. A. (Bobby) Loubser, "Shembe Preaching: A Study in Oral Hermeneutics", in ''African Independent Churches. Today'', ed. M. C. Kitshoff ([[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 1996</ref><ref>Kelber, Werner H. "The Oral and the Written Gospel: The Hermeneutics of Writing and Speaking in the Synoptic Tradition" Philadelphia: Fortress P 1983.</ref><ref>Swearingen, C. Jan. "Oral Hermeneutics during the Transition to Literacy: The Contemporary Debate". ''Cultural Anthropology'', Vol. 1, No. 2, The Dialectic of Oral and Literary Hermeneutics (May, 1986), pp. 138-156</ref> and [[aesthetics]]<ref>Foley, John Miles. ''The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology''. Bloomington: IUP, 1988. 55, 64, 66, 72, 74, 77, 80, 97, 105, 110-111, 129n20,; artistic cp to mechanistic, 21, 25, 38, 58, 63-64, 65, 104, 118-119n20, 120-121n16, 124n31, 125n53, oral aesthetic cp to literate aesthetics, 35, 58, 110-11, 121n26.</ref><ref>Foley, John Miles. ''Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic''. Bloomington: IUP, 1991. 245</ref> specific to oral traditions.