Editing Punic language (section)

===Comments===
As a Latin transliteration, the text as recorded necessarily departs from the original Punic speech. Lines 930-939 have only survived in one manuscript, the "Ambrosianus" A (the "Ambrosian Palimpsest"). The "unknown" text, lines 940-949, has also survived in three manuscripts of the Palatine family (P). The several manuscript sources show many differences among them, with the P scripts showing some words being split out and some mis-interpretations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geppert |first1=C.E. |title=M. Acci Plauti Poenulus. Cum variis lectionibus Codicis Ambrosiani, Decurtati et Parisini, in usum lectionum |year=1864 |publisher=Trowitzschii |location=Berlin |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf89AAAAcAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schröder |first1=Paul |title=Die phönizische Sprache: Entwurf einer Grammatik nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben : mit einem Anhang enthaltend eine Erklärung der punischen Stellen im Pönulus des Plautus |date=1869 |publisher=Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_oOs0udEemcoC/page/n306 287] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_oOs0udEemcoC |language=de}}</ref> The "unknown" text used here is from the Ambrosianus A; both families have lost small chunks of text over time. Recently efforts have been made to, among other things, fill in the redactions in the "unknown language" part and to properly split the morphemes. The close mirroring between lines 930-931/940 and lines 937/947 (underlined above) suggests that the "unknown language" text (lines 940-949) is also Punic. Gratwick and Krahmalkov conclude that the more corrupted "unknown" form (940-949) is earlier (basically Plautus's own text in Punic), while lines 930-939 reflect a “late 'scholar's repair'” from Late Antiquity in Neo-Punic.<ref name="Krahmalkov88">{{cite journal |last1=Krahmalkov |first1=Charles R. |title=Observations on the Punic Monologues of Hanno in the "Poenulus" |journal=Orientalia |date=1988 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=55–66 |issn=0030-5367|jstor=43075544 }}</ref><ref name=Grat71>{{cite journal |last1=Gratwick |first1=A. S. |title=Hanno's Punic Speech in the Poenulus of Plautus |journal=Hermes |date=1971 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |issn=0018-0777|jstor=4475664 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosół |first1=Rafał |title=Zum Monolog des Hanno im plautinischen "Poenulus" (V. 930-960) |journal=Hermes |date=2012 |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.25162/hermes-2012-0006 |s2cid=252444932 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7645907}}</ref>

Some Punic phrases known in the text include:
* 930/940: ''Yth alonim ualoniuth sicorathii (sthymhimi) hymacom syth'' = '''''’T ’LNM W-’LNT ZKRT (Š-QRYT?;''''' [940:] '''''ŠTMḤW?) H-MQM ST'''''.
:: - ''yth = ’et'', [[Nota accusativi|accusative particle]] (nota objecti): indicates that an [[object (grammar)|object]] follows (cf. Hebrew'' ’et'')
:: - ''alonim = ’alonīm'': plural masculine of'' ’alōn'': 'gods' (cf. Hebrew'' ’elō<sup>a</sup>h'', 'god, goddess', plural'' ’elohîm''); = Latin ''deōs''; cf. ''alonim'' in 933 ~ ''di'' ('gods') in 953
:: - ''u- = w-'', 'and' (Hebrew ''w-''); = Latin ''-que''
:: - ''aloniuth = ’alonōt'': plural feminine of'' ’alōn'': 'goddesses (of)'; = Latin ''deās''
:: - ''sicorathi'': corresponds with Hebrew ''zakàrti'', 'I have been mindful of, I remember, I keep holy'; = Latin ''veneror'' (note: ''s'' in ''sicorathi'' ~ ''z'' in ''zakàrti'': in late Punic the four Phoenician sibilants, ''s, š, ș,'' and ''z'', were all pronounced /s/);<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krahmalkov |first1=Charles R. |title=A Phoenician-Punic Grammar |date=2014 |publisher=Brill, SBL |location=Leiden, Atlanta |isbn=978-1-62837-031-7 |pages=25–26}}</ref> also interpreted as ''si-qart'', '(of) this city', but that is less probable because then a verb is missing in the sentence, and it would make ''hymacom syth'', 'this city', superfluous.
:: - ''hymacom: ha-maqōm'', definite article + 'place, city' (Hebrew ''hammaqōm''); = Latin ''urbem'' ('city'). Note: variant ''<u>sy</u>macom syth'' (line 930) = ''<u>šè</u> + maqōm syth'', '<u>of</u> this city'. ''mucom'' in 948 is also ''maqōm''.<ref name="Krahmalkov88"/>
:: - ''syth'': demonstrative pronoun 'this', singular feminine (Hebrew: ''zōt'') or masculine (Hebrew: ''zèh'') = Latin ''hanc'' (in Hebrew ''maqōm'', 'place, city', usually is a masculine word, but occasionally it can be feminine). In 940P ''esse'' is the Plautine Punic spelling, 930 and 940A have the late Neo-Punic spelling ''syth''.<ref name="Krahmalkov88"/>
* 937/947: ''yth emanethi hy chirs aelichot'' / ''sitt esed anec naso ters ahelicot'' = '''''’T-M ’NKY H’ ḤRŠ (YŠ) H-HLYKT / Š-’TY ’Z ’NK NŠ’ ḤRŠ H-HLYKT'''''.
:: - ''yth = ’et'': probably the accusative particle again, here indicating an indirect object ('for', 'to'; = Latin ''ad''); or it may be the preposition ''’et'', 'with' (cf. Latin ''mecum'', 'with me')
:: - ''esed = zdè'': demonstrative pronoun, singular masculine, 'this, this one' (Hebrew: ''zèh''); = Latin ''eum'' ('him'). In 947P ''ese'' the original Plautine Punic spelling has been preserved.<ref name="Krahmalkov88"/>
:: - ''anec'': personal pronoun 1st person, 'I, I myself' (Hebrew ''anoki'') (''emanethi'' in 937 is a corrupt spelling, read ''(-em) anethi'', with ''ch'' misread as ''th'', and ''anechi'' = 'I, I myself')
:: - ''naso = našō’'': infinitive absolute of the verb '''''N-Š-’''''', 'to carry, bring': 'I bring' (Hebrew '''''N-Ś-’''''', 'to lift, bear, carry'); = Latin ''fero'', 'I bring' (in Punic an infinitive absolute, if consecutive to the main verb, represents the same tense, aspect, person, number and gender as the main verb, in this case a first person singular, cf. ''anec'')<ref>Krahmalkov (2014), p. 210.</ref>
:: - ''chirs / (ters)'': substantive, [[construct state]], 'potsherd of' (Hebrew ''ḥèreś'', 'pottery, potsherd'); = Latin ''tesseram'', 'tile'
:: - ''aelichot / ahelicot'' = ''ha-helikōt'': definite article + substantive plural, 'the hospitality, the guest-friendship' (cf. Hebrew ''hēlèk'', 'visitor'); = Latin ''hospitalem'' (a «''tessera hospitalis''» was an object a guest presented to be recognized)
* ''duber, dubyr'' in 936, 946, 948: Semitic root '''''D-B-R''''', 'to speak, word'<ref name=Grat71/>
* ''fel'', 'he did' (935), ''li-ful'' (935) and ''lu-ful'' (945), 'to do' (infinitive construct): Semitic root '''''P-‘-L''''', 'to make, to do'.<ref name="Krahmalkov88"/>