Editing Rutherford scattering experiments (section)

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web
 |title=Rutherford's Nuclear World: The Story of the Discovery of the Nucleus
 |url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/rutherford/sections/alpha-particles-atom.html
 |publisher=American Institute of Physics
 |access-date=2014-10-23
 |ref={{harvid|AIP}}
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Rutherford scattering
 |website=[[HyperPhysics]]
 |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/rutsca3.html
 |publisher=[[Georgia State University]]
 |access-date=2014-08-13
 |ref={{harvid|Hyperphysics}}
}}
*{{cite book 
 |author=Arthur Beiser
 |year=1969
 |title=Perspectives of Modern Physics
 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company
 |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesofmo0000arth/page/102/mode/2up
}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Arthur Stewart Eve
 |year=1939
 |title=Rutherford: Being the Life and Letters of the Rt. Hon. Lord Rutherford, O. M.
 |publisher=MacMillan
 |url=https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbeingl0000evea/mode/2up
 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Ernest Rutherford |year=1899 |title=Uranium Radiation and the Electrical conduction Produced by it |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=47 |issue=284 |pages=109–163|url=https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh5471899lon/page/108/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1911
 |title=The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom
 |url=https://web.mit.edu/8.13/8.13c/references-fall/rutherford/rutherford-scattering-of-alpha-and-beta-particles.pdf
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=21 |issue= 125|pages=669–688
 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080
 |ref=refRutherford1911
}}
*{{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1906
 |title=The Mass and Velocity of the α particles expelled from Radium and Actinium
 |journal=Philosophical Magazine |series=Series 6
 |volume=12
 |issue=70
 |pages=348–371
 |doi=10.1080/14786440609463549 
 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430814
 |ref=refRutherford1906
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1912
 |title=The origin of β and γ rays from radioactive substances
 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430890
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=24 |issue=142 |pages=453–462
 |doi=10.1080/14786441008637351
 |ref=refRutherford1912
}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |author2=John Mitchell Nuttal
 |year=1913
 |title=Scattering of α-Particles by Gases
 |url=https://archive.org/details/ClassicalScientificPapersPhysics
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=26 |issue=154  |pages=702–712
 |doi=10.1080/14786441308635014
 |ref=refRutherfordNuttal1913
}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1914
 |title=The Structure of the Atom
 |url=http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=27 |issue=159 |pages=488–498
 |doi=10.1080/14786440308635117
}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1938
 |chapter=Forty Years of Physics
 |editor-last1=Needham |editor-first1=Joseph
 |editor-last2=Pagel |editor-first2=Walter
 |title=Background to Modern Science: Ten Lectures at Cambridge arranged by the History of Science Committee 1936
 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/backgroundtomode032734mbp/page/n85/mode/2up
 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1913
 |title=Radioactive Substances and their Radiations
 |url=https://archive.org/details/radioactivesubst00ruthuoft
 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
}}
*{{cite journal
 |author1=Ernest Rutherford
 |year=1936
 |title=Radioactivity and Atomic Structure
 |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society
 |volume=1936
 |pages=508–516
 |doi=10.1039/JR9360000508
 |ref=refRutherford1936
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Geiger and Marsden
 |url=http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/nucleus/nucleus4_1.htm
 |publisher=[[Cavendish Laboratory]]
 |access-date=2014-07-23
 |ref={{harvid|Cavendish Laboratory}}
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006232820/http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/nucleus/nucleus4_1.htm
 |archive-date=2014-10-06
 |url-status=dead
 }}
* {{cite book
 |author1=John Daintith
 |author2=Derek Gjertsen
 |year=1999
 |title=A Dictionary of Scientists
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtngooiwXikC&q=%22Nagaoka+rejected+Thomson%27s+model+on+the+ground+that+opposite+charges+are+impenetrable%22&pg=PA395
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
 |isbn=978-0-19-280086-2
 |ref=refDaintithGjertsen1999
}}
* {{cite web
 |author=Michael Fowler
 |title=Rutherford Scattering
 |url=http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Rutherford_Scattering/Rutherford_Scattering.html
 |work=Lecture notes for Physics 252
 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]]
 |access-date=2014-07-23
}}
* {{cite journal
 |author=Hans Geiger
 |year=1908
 |title=On the Scattering of α-Particles by Matter
 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]
 |volume=81 |issue=546  |pages=174–177
 |bibcode= 1908RSPSA..81..174G
 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0067
|doi-access=free
 |ref=refGeiger1908
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Hans Geiger
 |author2=Ernest Marsden
 |year=1909
 |title=On a Diffuse Reflection of the α-Particles
 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]
 |volume=82 |issue=557 |pages=495–500
 |bibcode= 1909RSPSA..82..495G
 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1909.0054
|doi-access=free
 |ref=refGeigerMarsden1909
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Hans Geiger
 |year=1910
 |title=The Scattering of the α-Particles by Matter
 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A]]
 |volume=83 |issue=565 |pages=492–504
 |bibcode= 1910RSPSA..83..492G
 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1910.0038
 |doi-access=free
 |ref=refGeiger1910
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Hans Geiger
 |author2=Ernest Marsden
 |year=1913
 |title=The Laws of Deflexion of α Particles through Large Angles
 |url=http://fisica.ufpr.br/mossanek/etc/geiger_marsden.pdf
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=25 |issue=148 |pages=604–623
 |doi=10.1080/14786440408634197
 |ref=refGeigerMarsden1913
}}
* {{cite journal |author=John L. Heilbron |date=January 1968 |title=The Scattering of α and β Particles and Rutherford's Atom |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=247–307 |doi=10.1007/BF00411591 |ref=refHeilbron1968}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=John L. Heilbron
 |year=2003
 |title=Ernest Rutherford and the Explosion of Atoms
 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
 |isbn=978-0-19-512378-4
 |ref=refHeilbron2003
}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=John W. Jewett Jr.
 |author2=Raymond A. Serway
 |year=2014
 |chapter=Early Models of the Atom
 |page=1299
 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics
 |edition=9th
 |publisher=Brooks/Cole
}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=Joy Manners
 |year=2000
 |title=Quantum Physics: An Introduction
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkDQV7PNJOMC&q=experience+a+repulsive+force+about+a+million&pg=PA30
 |publisher=CRC Press
 |isbn=978-0-7503-0720-8
 |ref=refManners2000
}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Hantaro Nagaoka
 |year=1904
 |title=Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity
 |url=http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Nagaoka-1904.html
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |series=Series 6
 |volume=7 |issue= 41|pages=445–455
 |doi=10.1080/14786440409463141
 |ref=refNagaoka1904
|url-access=subscription
 }}
* {{cite book
 |author1=Richard Reeves
 |year=2008
 |title=A Force of Nature: The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford 
 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Co.]]
 |isbn=978-0-393-07604-2
 |ref=refReeves2008
}}
*{{cite journal
|author=J. A. Crowther
|year=1910
|title=On the Scattering of Homogeneous β-Rays and the Number of Electrons in the Atom
|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
|volume=84
|issue=570
|pages=226–247
|doi=10.1098/rspa.1910.0074
|bibcode=1910RSPSA..84..226C
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite journal
 |author1=Joseph J. Thomson
 |year=1904
 |title=On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure
 |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]
 |series=Series 6 |volume=7 |issue=39 |page=237
 |doi=10.1080/14786440409463107
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430726
 }}
*{{cite journal
|author=J. J. Thomson
|year=1906
|title=On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom
|journal=Philosophical Magazine
|series=6 |volume=11 |issue=66 |pages=769–781
|doi=10.1080/14786440609463496
|url=https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Thomson-1906.pdf
}}
*{{cite journal |author=J. J. Thomson |year=1910 |title=On the Scattering of rapidly moving Electrified Particles |journal=Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=15 |pages=465–471 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofcam15190810camb/page/464/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book
 |author1=Gary Tibbetts
 |year=2007
 |title=How the Great Scientists Reasoned: The Scientific Method in Action
 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]
 |isbn=978-0-12-398498-2
}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Jean Perrin
 |year=1910
 |orig-year=1909
 |title=Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality
 |translator=F. Soddy
 |publisher=Taylor and Francis
 |url=https://archive.org/details/brownianmovement00perr
 |ref=refPerrin1909
}}
*{{cite book
 |author1=E. A. Davis
 |author2=I. J. Falconer
 |year=1997
 |title=J. J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron
 |publisher=Taylor & Francis
 |isbn=0-7484-0720-0
 |ref=refTaylorFrancis1997
 }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Giora Hon |author2=Bernard R. Goldstein |date=6 September 2013 |title=J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth |journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=525 |issue=8–9 |pages=A129–A133 |doi= 10.1002/andp.201300732 |bibcode=2013AnP...525A.129H |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.201300732}}
*{{cite book |author=J. J. Thomson |date=1907 |title=The Corpuscular Theory of Matter |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJY3AAAAMAAJ&q=occam |ref=refThomson1907}}
* {{cite book | first1 = Herbert| last1 = Goldstein| author-link = Herbert Goldstein| first2=Charles|last2=Poole|first3=John|last3=Safko | year = 2002 | title = Classical Mechanics | edition = third | publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0-201-65702-9 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Tong  |first=David |title=Lectures on Dynamics and Relativity |url=https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/relativity.html|access-date=2024-07-14 |website=University of Cambridge}} [https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/relativity/four.pdf   Chapter 4 Central forces]