Editing Serbia (section)

==Education and science==

{{Main|Education in Serbia}}
According to 2011 census, literacy in Serbia stands at 98% of population while computer literacy is at 49% (complete computer literacy is at 34.2%).<ref>[http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Skolska%20sprema,%20pismenost%20i%20kompjuterska%20pismenost-Educational%20attainment,%20literacy%20and%20computer%20literacy%20.pdf 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808003023/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Skolska%20sprema,%20pismenost%20i%20kompjuterska%20pismenost-Educational%20attainment,%20literacy%20and%20computer%20literacy%20.pdf |date=8 August 2019 }} Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia</ref> Same census showed the following levels of education: 16.2% of inhabitants have higher education (10.6% have bachelors or master's degrees, 5.6% have an associate degree), 49% have a secondary education, 20.7% have an elementary education, and 13.7% have not completed elementary education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=1565|title=Education stats in Serbia|website=webrzs.stat.gov.rs|access-date=20 March 2013|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329042240/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=1565|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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| image1            = N.Tesla.JPG|
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=|[[Nikola Tesla]] was an [[electrical engineer]] who helped to develop the modern [[alternating current]] [[electricity supply]] system<ref>{{cite book|last=Laplante|first=Phillip A.|title=Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soSsLATmZnkC|page=635|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-3-540-64835-2 }}</ref><ref name="Energy Kids: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) i903">{{cite web | title=Tesla (1856) | website=Energy Kids: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) | url=https://www.eia.gov/kids/history-of-energy/famous-people/tesla.php#:~:text=Nikola%20Tesla%20(1856)&text=Nikola%20Tesla%20was%20born%20in,greater%20distances%20than%20direct%20current. | access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>}}
| image2            = Milutin Milanković 2.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Milutin Milanković]] was a [[climate science]] theorist who founded the [[Milankovitch cycles]] theory<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/ |title=Milutin Milankovitch : Feature Articles |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |access-date=15 August 2012|date=24 March 2000 |quote=The Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch is best known for developing one of the most significant theories relating Earth motions and long-term climate change.}}</ref><ref name="Buis 2020 v709">{{cite web | last=Buis | first=Alan | title=Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet | website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet | date=27 February 2020 | url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/#:~:text=A%20century%20ago%2C%20Serbian%20scientist,glaciation%20periods%20(Ice%20Ages). | access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>}}
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Education in Serbia is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science. Education starts in either preschools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools at the age of seven. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school. Students have the opportunity to attend [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]] and [[vocational school]]s for another four years, or to enroll in vocational training for two to three years.

Following the completion of gymnasiums or vocational schools, students have the opportunity to attend university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ei-ie.org/barometer/en/profiles_detail.php?country=serbia|title=Education rights|website=ei-ie.org|access-date=20 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027072732/http://www.ei-ie.org/barometer/en/profiles_detail.php?country=serbia|archive-date=27 October 2007}}</ref> Elementary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Serbia, where classes are held in Hungarian, Slovak, Albanian, Romanian, Rusyn, Bulgarian as well as Bosnian and Croatian languages. [[Petnica Science Center|Petnica Science Centre]] is a notable institution for extracurricular science education focusing on gifted students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://almanah.petnica.rs/23/01.html|title=Petnica kao nacionalni brend|website=almanah.petnica.rs|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

[[File:KnezMihailova ped.jpg|thumb|The [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] in [[Belgrade]], founded in 1841]]

There are 19 universities in Serbia (nine public universities with a total number of 86 [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] and ten private universities with 51 faculties).<ref>[http://www.pregled-rs.com/article.php?pid=144&id=14338 Survey Serbia Online], Retrieved on 31 July 2009</ref> In 2018/2019 academic year, 210,480 students attended 19 universities (181,310 at public universities and some 29,170 at private universities) while 47,169 attended 81 "higher schools".<ref name="pod2.stat.gov.rs"/><ref name="enrolledstudents2019">{{cite web |title=Уписани студенти, 2018/2019. школска година |url=http://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2019/Pdf/G20191167.pdf |website=stat.gov.rs |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |access-date=30 June 2019 |language=sr |date=25 June 2019}}</ref> Public universities in Serbia are: the [[University of Belgrade]], [[University of Novi Sad]],<ref name="enrolledstudents2019"/> [[University of Niš]],<ref name="enrolledstudents2019"/> [[University of Kragujevac]], [[University of Priština (North Mitrovica)|University of Priština]], [[State University of Novi Pazar|Public University of Novi Pazar]] as well as three specialist universities – [[University of Arts (Belgrade)|University of Arts]], [[Military Academy (Serbia)|University of Defence]] and University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies. Largest private universities include [[Megatrend University]] and [[Singidunum University]], both in Belgrade, and Educons University in Novi Sad. The University of Belgrade (placed in 301–400 bracket on [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|2013 Shanghai Ranking of World Universities]], being best-placed university in Southeast Europe after those in Athens and Thessaloniki) and University of Novi Sad are generally considered the best institutions of higher learning in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2013 – Top 500 universities – Shanghai Ranking – 2013 – World University Ranking – 2013|access-date=27 October 2014|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311085241/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Serbia spent 0.9% of GDP on scientific research in 2017, which is slightly below the European average.<ref>[https://knoema.com/atlas/Serbia/topics/Research-and-Development/RandD-Expenditure/RandD-expenditure-as-a-share-of-GDP Serbia R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, 1960–2018 – knoema.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Serbia was ranked 52nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref> Since 2018, Serbia is a full member of [[CERN]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/135251/cern-council-unanimously-adopts-resolution-for-serbia-to-become-full-member.php|title=CERN Council unanimously adopts resolution for Serbia to become full member|last=srbija.gov.rs|website=www.srbija.gov.rs|language=en|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a444118/Serbia-becomes-forth-non-Europen-Union-member-state-to-join-CERN.html|title=Serbia becomes CERN member state|website=N1 Srbija|date=14 December 2018|language=sr-Latn|access-date=10 January 2019|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183341/http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a444118/Serbia-becomes-forth-non-Europen-Union-member-state-to-join-CERN.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Serbia has a long history of excellence in maths and computer sciences which has created a strong pool of engineering talent, although economic sanctions during the 1990s and chronic underinvestment in research forced many scientific professionals to leave the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/243991/Vise-od-10000-naucnika-napustilo-Srbiju|title=Blic Online – Više od 10.000 naučnika napustilo Srbiju |website=Blic Online|date=27 March 2011 |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are several areas in which Serbia still excels such as growing information technology sector, which includes software development as well as outsourcing. It generated over $1.2 billion in exports in 2018, both from international investors and a significant number of dynamic homegrown enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/serbia-generates-over-1-bln-euro-in-ict-exports-for-the-first-time-ever/|title = Serbia generates over 1 BLN euro in ICT exports for the first time ever|date = 25 February 2019}}</ref> Serbia is one of the countries with the highest proportion of [[women in science]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holman|first1=Luke|last2=Stuart-Fox|first2=Devi|last3=E. Hauser |first3=Cindy |title=The gender gap in science: How long until women are equally represented?|journal=PLOS Biology|date=April 2018 |volume=16 |issue=4|pages=e2004956|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2004956|pmid=29672508|pmc=5908072|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Among the scientific institutes operating in Serbia, the largest are the [[Mihajlo Pupin Institute]] and [[Vinča Nuclear Institute]], both in Belgrade. The [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] is a [[learned society]] promoting science and arts from its inception in 1841.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanu.ac.rs/english/Index.aspx|title=SASA|access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020062034/http://www.sanu.ac.rs/English/Index.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>