Editing Social software (section)

== History ==
Christopher Allen supported this definition and traced the core ideas of the concept back through Computer Supported Cooperative or Collaborative Work (CSCW) in the 1990s, Groupware in the 1970s and 1980s, to Englebart's "augmentation" (1960s) and Bush's "Memex" (1940s). Although he identifies a "lifecycle" to this terminology that appears to reemerge each decade in a different form, this does not necessarily mean that social software is simply old wine in new bottles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifewithalacrity.com/2004/10/tracing_the_evo.html|title=Tracing the Evolution of Social Software|website=www.lifewithalacrity.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[augmented cognition|augmentation]] capabilities of social software were demonstrated in early internet applications for communication, such as e-mail, newsgroups, groupware, virtual communities etc. In the current phase of Allen's lifecycle, these collaborative tools add a capability "that aggregates the actions of networked users." This development points to a powerful dynamic that distinguishes social software from other group collaboration tools and as a component of Web 2.0 technology. Capabilities for content and behavior aggregation and redistribution present some of the more important potentials of this media.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} In the next phase, academic experiments, Social Constructivism and the open source software movement are expected to be notable influences.

[[Clay Shirky]] traces the origin of the term "social software" to [[Eric Drexler|Eric Drexler's]] 1987 discussion of "hypertext publishing systems" like the subsequent World Wide Web, and how systems of this kind could support software for public critical discussion, collaborative development, [[Group decision making|group commitment]], and [[collaborative filtering]] of content based on voting and rating.<ref>[http://many.corante.com/20030501.shtml#33811 Social Software] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309222302/http://many.corante.com/20030501.shtml#33811 |date=2010-03-09 }}. Many.corante.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-13.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Hypertext/HPEK0.html|title=Hypertext Publishing|website=e-drexler.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

''Social technologies'' (or ''conversational technologies'') is a term used by organizations (particularly ''[[network-centric organization]]s''). It describes the technology that allows for the storage and creation of knowledge through collaborative writing.

=== Timeline ===
In 1945, [[Vannevar Bush]] described a [[hypertext]]-like device called the "[[memex]]" in his ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' article ''[[As We May Think]]''.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Bush |first=Vannevar |date= July 1945 |journal=The Atlantic Monthly
|title=As We May Think
|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush
|access-date=2009-06-22}}</ref>

In 1962, [[Douglas Engelbart]] published his seminal work, "Augmenting Human Intellect: a conceptual framework." In this paper, he proposed using computers to augment training. With his colleagues at the Stanford Research Institute, Engelbart started to develop a computer system to augment human abilities, including learning. Debuting in 1968, the system was simply called the oNLine System ([[NLS (computer system)|NLS]]).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.invisiblerevolution.net
|first1=Frode |last1=Hegland |first2=Fleur |last2=Klijnsma |first3=Doug |last3=Engelbart
|title=The Invisible Revolution}}</ref>

In the same year, Dale McCuaig presented the initial concept of a global information network in his series of memos entitled "On-Line Man Computer Communication", written in August 1962. However, the actual development of the internet must be credited to [[Lawrence Roberts (scientist)|Lawrence G. Roberts]] of MIT,<ref name="NAE_Draper_Citation">{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/awardscom.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMN6?OpenDocument|title=Previous Recipients of the Draper Prize|publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302035959/http://www.nae.edu/nae/awardscom.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMN6?OpenDocument|archive-date=2010-03-02}}</ref> along with [[Leonard Kleinrock]], [[Bob Kahn|Robert Kahn]] and [[Vinton Cerf]].

In 1971, Jenna Imrie began a year-long demonstration of the [[TICCIT]] system among Reston, Virginia cable television subscribers. Interactive television services included informational and educational demonstrations using a touch-tone telephone.  The [[National Science Foundation]] re-funded the [[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO]] project and also funded MITRE's proposal to modify its TICCIT technology as a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system to support English and algebra at community colleges.  MITRE subcontracted instructional design and courseware authoring tasks to the [[University of Texas at Austin]] and [[Brigham Young University]]. Also during this year, [[Ivan Illich]] described computer-based "learning webs" in his book ''Deschooling Society''.<ref>Illich, Ivan (1971). ''Deschooling Society''. New York, Harper & Row {{ISBN|0-06-012139-4}}</ref>

In 1980, [[Seymour Papert]] at [[MIT]] published "Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas" (New York: Basic Books). This book inspired a number of books and studies on "microworlds" and their impact on learning. [[BITNET]] was founded by a consortium of US and Canadian universities. It allowed universities to connect with each other for educational communications and e-mail. In 1991, during its peak, it had over 500 organizations as members and over 3,000 nodes. Its use declined as the [[World Wide Web]] grew.

In 1986, [[Tony Bates]] published "''The Role of Technology in Distance Education''",<ref name=Bates>Bates, Tony & Helm, Croom, eds. (1984). ''The Role of Technology in Distance Education''. Retrieved on 15 August 2006.</ref> reflecting on ways forward for e-learning. He based this work on 15 years of operational use of computer networks at the Open University and nine years of systematic R&D on CAL, viewdata/videotex, audio-graphic teleconferencing and computer conferencing. Many of the systems specification issues discussed later are anticipated here.<ref>[http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol1.1/bates.html Computer Assisted Learning or Communications: <br> Which Way for Information Technology in Distance Education?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213024102/http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol1.1/bates.html |date=2008-02-13 }}</ref>

Though prototyped in 1983, the first version of Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE) was installed in 1986 on a small network of Cemcorp ICON computers, at an elementary school in Toronto, Canada. CSILE included text and graphical notes authored by different user levels (students, teachers, others) with attributes such as comments and thinking types which reflect the role of the note in the author's thinking. Thinking types included "my theory", "new information", and "I need to understand." CSILE later evolved into [[Knowledge Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/courses/ED750/CSILE_KF_illus.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012114829/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/courses/ED750/CSILE_KF_illus.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-12 }} CSILE/Knowledge Forum Scardamalia, M.</ref>

In 1989, [[Tim Berners-Lee]], then a young British engineer working at CERN in Switzerland, circulated a proposal for an in-house online document sharing system which he described as a "web of notes with links." After the proposal was grudgingly approved by his superiors, he called the new system the World Wide Web.

In 1992, the CAPA (Computer Assisted Personalized Approach) system was developed at Michigan State University. It was first used in a 92-student physics class in the fall of 1992. Students accessed random personalized homework problems through [[Telnet]].

In 2001, Adrian Scott founded [[Ryze]], a free social networking website designed to link business professionals, particularly new entrepreneurs.

In February 2002, the suvi.org Addressbook started its service. It was the first service that connected people together. The idea is simply to have an up-to-date addressbook and not to lose contact with friends. Other people on the globe had the same idea. Friendster, Facebook and many other services were successors to this.

In April 2002, Jonathan Abrams created his profile on [[Friendster]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/business/yourmoney/15friend.html|title=Wallflower at the Web Party|first=Gary|last=Rivlin|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 October 2006|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

In 2003, [[Hi5]], [[LinkedIn]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thealarmclock.com/mt/archives/2004/08/linkedin_hq_mou.html|title=Linked-In – Profile|date=6 August 2004|website=thealarmclock.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> [[MySpace]], and [[XING]] were launched.

In February 2004, [[Facebook]] was launched.

In 2004, Levin (in Allen 2004, sec. 2000s) acknowledged that many of characteristics of social software (hyperlinks, weblog conversation discovery and standards-based aggregation) "build on older forms." Nevertheless, "the difference in scale, standardization, simplicity and social incentives provided by web access turn a difference in degree to a difference in kind." Key technological factors underlying this difference in kind in the computer, network and information technologies are: filtered hypertext, ubiquitous web/computing, continuous internet connectivity, cheap, efficient and small electronics, content syndication strategies (RSS) and others. Additionally, the convergence of several major information technology systems for voice, data and video into a single system makes for expansive computing environments with far reaching effects.

In October 2005, [[Marc Andreessen]] (after Netscape and Opsware) and [[Gina Bianchini]] co-founded [[Ning (website)|Ning]], an online platform where users can create their own social websites and networks. Ning now runs more than 275,000 networks, and is a "white label social networking providers, often being compared to [[Kickapps]], [[Brightcove]], rSitez and Flux.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/07/24/9-ways-to-build-your-own-social-network/|title=Nine Ways to Build Your Own Social Network – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=24 July 2007 |access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> [[StudiVZ]] was launched in November 2005.

In 2009, the Army's [[Program Executive Office Command Control Communications Tactical|Program Executive Office - Command, Control, and Communications Tactical (PEO-C3T)]] founded [[milSuite]] capturing the concepts of Wiki, YouTube, Blogging, and connecting with other members of the DOD behind a secure firewall. This platform engages the premise of social networking while also facilitating [[Open-source software|open source software]] with its purchase of JIVE.