Editing Talmud (section)

==Editions==

===Bomberg Talmud 1523===
The first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud was printed in Venice by [[Daniel Bomberg]] 1520–23<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3490-bomberg-daniel|title=Bomberg, Daniel|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Talmud editions of Daniel Bomberg|first1=Daniel|last1=Bomberg|first2=E|last2=Rozenṭal|date=21 December 2018|publisher=Bomberg|oclc = 428012084}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/15302/treasure-trove|title=Treasure Trove|date=9 September 2009|website=Tablet Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/196121/new-york-businessman-leon-black-buy-bomberg-babylonian-talmud-for-9-3-million|title=Bomberg Babylonian Talmud Auctions for $9.3 Million|date=22 December 2015|website=Tablet Magazine}}</ref> with the support of [[Pope Leo X]].{{sfn|Dalin|2012|p=25}}{{sfn|Gottheil|Broydé|1906}}{{sfn|Heller|2005|p=73}}{{sfn|Amram|1909|p=162}} In addition to the ''Mishnah'' and ''Gemara'', Bomberg's edition contained the commentaries of [[Rashi]] and [[Tosafot]]. Almost all printings since Bomberg have followed the same pagination. Bomberg's edition was considered relatively free of censorship.<ref>Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin. ''The Censor, the Editor, and the Text: The Catholic Church and the Shaping of the Jewish Canon in the Sixteenth Century''. Trans. Jackie Feldman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. viii + 314 {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4011-5}}. p. 104</ref>

=== Froben Talmud 1578 ===
Ambrosius Frobenius collaborated with the scholar Israel Ben Daniel Sifroni from Italy. His most extensive work was a Talmud edition published, with great difficulty, in 1578–81.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battegay, Lubrich|first=Caspar, Naomi|title=Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories|publisher=Christoph Merian|year=2018|isbn=978-3-85616-847-6|location=Basel|pages=54–57|language=de, en}}</ref>

===Benveniste Talmud 1645===
Following [[Ambrosius Frobenius]]'s publication of most of the Talmud in installments in Basel, [[Immanuel Benveniste]] published the whole Talmud in installments in Amsterdam 1644–1648,<ref>Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck ''Le Magasin De L'Univers – The Dutch Republic As the Centre of the European Book Trade (Brill's Studies in Intellectual History) ''</ref> Although according to Raphael Rabbinovicz the Benveniste Talmud may have been based on the [[Lublin Talmud]] and included many of the censors' errors.<ref>Printing the Talmud: a history of the individual treatises p. 239, Marvin J. Heller (1999) "The Benveniste Talmud, according to Rabbinovicz, was based on the Lublin Talmud which included many of the censors' errors"</ref> "It is noteworthy due to the inclusion of ''Avodah Zarah'', omitted due to Church censorship from several previous editions, and when printed, often lacking a title page.<ref name=TalmudAmsterdamBen16>{{cite book
|title=Amsterdam: Benveniste Talmud in: Printing the Talmud
|year=2018  |author=MJ Heller}}</ref>

===Slavita Talmud 1795 and Vilna Talmud 1835===
The edition of the Talmud published by the Szapira brothers in [[Slavuta|Slavita]]<ref name=Modia.15>{{cite news
    |newspaper=[[Hamodia]]
    |date=February 12, 2015
    |title=A loan from the heart
    |quote=.. a copy of the greatly valued Slavita Shas.
    |url=https://hamodia.com/2015/02/12/loan-heart/
    |access-date=June 25, 2019
    |archive-date=August 5, 2019
    |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805132255/https://hamodia.com/2015/02/12/loan-heart/
    |url-status=dead
    }}</ref> was published in 1817,<ref name=Tell.185>{{cite book  |title=Soul Survivors  |author=Hanoch Teller  |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulsurvivorstru00tell/page/185 185–203]  |isbn=0-961-4772-0-2  |publisher=New York City Publishing Company  |url=https://archive.org/details/soulsurvivorstru00tell/page/185  |author-link=Hanoch Teller  |year=1985  }}</ref> and it is particularly prized by many [[rebbe]]s of [[Hasidic Judaism]]. In 1835, after a religious community copyright<ref name=Talmud.17xx/><ref>"embroiled leading rabbis in Europe .. rival editions of the Talmud"</ref> was nearly over,<ref>the wording was that the sets printed could be sold. All full sets were sold, although individual volumes remained. The systems of dealers did not facilitate knowing exactly how many individual volumes were still in dealer hands.</ref> and following an acrimonious dispute with the Szapira family, a new edition of the Talmud was printed by Menachem Romm of [[Vilnius|Vilna]].

Known as the ''[[Vilna Edition Shas]]'', this edition (and later ones printed by his widow and sons, the [[Romm publishing house]]) has been used in the production of more recent editions of Talmud Bavli.

A page number in the Vilna Talmud refers to a double-sided page, known as a ''daf'', or folio in English; each daf has two ''amudim'' labeled  {{lang|he|א}} and {{lang|he|ב}}, sides A and B ([[recto and verso]]). The convention of referencing by ''daf'' is relatively recent and dates from the early Talmud printings of the 17th century, though the actual pagination goes back to the Bomberg edition. Earlier [[rabbinic literature]] generally refers to the tractate or chapters within a tractate (e.g. Berachot Chapter 1, {{lang|he|ברכות פרק א׳}}). It sometimes also refers to the specific Mishnah in that chapter, where "Mishnah" is replaced with "Halakha", here meaning route, to "direct" the reader to the entry in the Gemara corresponding to that Mishna (e.g. Berachot Chapter 1 Halakha 1, {{lang|he|ברכות פרק א׳ הלכה א׳}}, would refer to the first Mishnah of the first chapter in Tractate Berachot, and its corresponding entry in the Gemara). However, this form is nowadays more commonly (though not exclusively) used when referring to the Jerusalem Talmud.  Nowadays, reference is usually made in format [''Tractate daf a/b''] (e.g. Berachot 23b, {{lang|he|ברכות כג ב׳}}). Increasingly, the symbols "." and ":" are used to indicate Recto and Verso, respectively (thus, e.g. Berachot 23:, {{lang|he|:ברכות כג}}). These references always refer to the pagination of the Vilna Talmud.

===Critical editions===
{{See also|Critical edition}}
The text of the Vilna editions is considered by scholars not to be uniformly reliable, and there have been a number of attempts to collate textual variants.
# In the late 19th century, Nathan Rabinowitz published a series of volumes called ''Dikduke Soferim'' showing textual variants from early manuscripts and printings.
# In 1960, work started on a new edition under the name of ''Gemara Shelemah'' (complete Gemara) under the editorship of [[Menachem Mendel Kasher]]: only the volume on the first part of tractate Pesachim appeared before the project was interrupted by his death.  This edition contained a comprehensive set of textual variants and a few selected commentaries.
# Some thirteen volumes have been published by the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud (a division of Yad Harav Herzog), on lines similar to Rabinowitz, containing the text and a comprehensive set of textual variants (from manuscripts, early prints and citations in secondary literature) but no commentaries.<ref>Friedman, "Variant Readings in the Babylonian Talmud – A Methodological Study Marking the Appearance of 13 Volumes of the Institute for the Complete Israeli Talmud's Edition," Tarbiz 68 (1998).</ref>

There have been critical editions of particular tractates (e.g. [[Henry Malter]]'s edition of ''[[Ta'anit]]''), but there is no modern critical edition of the whole Talmud. Modern editions such as those of the Oz ve-Hadar Institute correct misprints and restore passages that in earlier editions were modified or excised by censorship but do not attempt a comprehensive account of textual variants. One edition, by Yosef Amar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nosachteiman.co.il/?CategoryID=856&ArticleID=3022&Page=1 |title=Talmud Bavli be-niqqud Temani |author=Amar, Yosef |publisher=Nosachteiman.co.il |access-date=2010-05-21 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717212402/http://www.nosachteiman.co.il/?CategoryID=856&ArticleID=3022&Page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> represents the Yemenite tradition, and takes the form of a photostatic reproduction of a Vilna-based print to which Yemenite vocalization and textual variants have been added by hand, together with printed introductory material. Collations of the Yemenite manuscripts of some tractates have been published by Columbia University.<ref>Julius Joseph Price, ''The Yemenite ms. of Megilla (in the Library of Columbia university)'', 1916; ''Pesahim'', 1913; ''Mo'ed Katon'', 1920.</ref>

===Editions for a wider audience===
A number of editions have been aimed at bringing the Talmud to a wider audience. Aside from the Steinsaltz and Artscroll/Schottenstein sets there are:
* The Metivta edition, published by the Oz ve-Hadar Institute. This contains the full text in the same format as the Vilna-based editions,<ref name=Talmud.Link2017>{{cite web
   |url=https://jewishlink.news/features/16990-studying-talmud-the-good-the-not-so-good-and-how-to-make-talmud-more-accessible-3
   |title=Studying Talmud: The Good, the Not-So-Good and How to Make Talmud More Accessible 
   |author=David E. Y. Sarna   |date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> with a full explanation in modern Hebrew on facing pages as well as an improved version of the traditional commentaries.<ref>The other Oz ve-Hadar editions are similar but without the explanation in modern Hebrew.</ref>
* A previous project of the same kind, called [[Arnost Zvi Ehrman#The Talmud El Am|Talmud El Am]], "Talmud to the people", was published in Israel in the 1960s–80s. It contains Hebrew text, English translation and commentary by [[Arnost Zvi Ehrman]], with short 'realia', marginal notes, often illustrated, written by experts in the field for the whole of Tractate Berakhot, 2 chapters of Bava Mezia and the halachic section of Qiddushin, chapter 1.
* Tuvia's ''Gemara Menukad'':<ref name=Talmud.Link2017/> includes vowels and punctuation (''Nekudot''), including for Rashi and Tosafot.<ref name=Talmud.Link2017/> It also includes "all the abbreviations of that ''amud'' on the side of each page."<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.monseyjudaica.com/making-gemara-menukad
|title=Making of the Gemara Menukad}}</ref>

===Incomplete sets from prior centuries===
* '''Amsterdam''' (1714, ''Proops'' Talmud and ''Marches/de Palasios'' Talmud): Two sets were begun in Amsterdam in 1714, a year in which "acrimonious disputes between publishers within and between cities" regarding reprint rights also began. The latter ran 1714–1717. Neither set was completed, although a third set was printed 1752–1765.<ref name=Talmud.17xx>{{cite web
   |url=https://seforimblog.com/2018/05/approbations-and-restrictions-printing
   |title=Approbations and Restrictions: Printing the Talmud in Eighteenth Century Amsterdam and Two Frankfurts
   |author=Marvin J. Heller |date=May 28, 2018}}</ref>

===Other notable editions===
[[Lazarus Goldschmidt]] published an edition from the "uncensored text" of the Babylonian Talmud with a German translation in 9 volumes (commenced Leipzig, 1897–1909, edition completed, following emigration to England in 1933, by 1936).<ref>''The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia''. Isaac Landman (1941) "His greatest work was the translation of the entire Babylonian Talmud into German, which, as it was made from the uncensored text and was the only complete translation in a European language, was of great value for students."{{ISBN?}}</ref>

Twelve volumes of the Babylonian Talmud were published by Mir Yeshiva refugees during the years 1942 thru 1946 while they were in [[Shanghai]].<ref name=TalmudMoedKatan.OU>{{cite magazine
|magazine=[[Jewish Action]] (OU)
|url=https://jewishaction.com/jewish-world/history/when-books-can-speak-a-glimpse-into-the-world-of-sefarim-collecting
|title=When Books Can Speak: A Glimpse Into The World of Sefarim Collecting
|author=Eli Genauer}}</ref> The major tractates, one per volume, were: "Shabbat, Eruvin, Pesachim, Gittin, Kiddushin, Nazir, Sotah, Bava Kama, Sanhedrin, Makot, Shevuot, Avodah Zara"<ref name=Talmud.Shang>{{cite web
|url=https://www.auctionzip.com/auction-lot/Babylonian-Talmud-Shanghai,-1942-1946-Printed_2AD4E0F840
|title=Lot 96: Babylonian Talmud – Shanghai, 1942–1946 – Printed by Holocaust Refugees
|publisher=Kedem Public Auction House Ltd |date=August 28, 2018}}</ref> (with some volumes having, in addition, "Minor Tractates").<ref>Gittin. Rest of inside coverpage Hebrew, but bottom has (in English) Jewish Bookstore, J. Geseng, Shanghai, 1942: {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Jewish Press]]
|title=More on Holocaust Auctions on the Internet
|author=Sh.B. Eliezer |date=October 29, 1999 |page=89}}</ref>

A [[Survivors' Talmud]] was published, encouraged by President Truman's "responsibility toward these victims of persecution" statement. The U.S. Army (despite "the acute shortage of paper in Germany") agreed to print "fifty copies of the Talmud, packaged into 16-volume sets" during 1947–1950.<ref name=TalmudUSArmy.Aish>{{cite web
   |url=https://www.aish.com/jw/s/The-Survivors-Talmud-When-the-US-Army-Printed-the-Talmud.html
   |title=The Survivors' Talmud: When the US Army Printed the Talmud
   |author=Dr. Yvette Alt Miller |work=aishcom
 |date=April 19, 2020}}</ref> The plan was extended: 3,000 copies, in 19-volume sets.