Editing Tel Megiddo (section)

==Excavations==
Megiddo has been excavated three times and is currently being excavated. The first excavations were carried out between 1903 and 1905 by [[Gottlieb Schumacher]] for the German Society for the Study of Palestine, excavating one main north-south trench and some subsidiary trenches and probes.<ref>Schumacher, Gottlieb; Watzinger, Carl (1908): ''[https://archive.org/details/tellelmutesellim01schuuoft Tell el Mutesellim; Bericht über die 1903 bis 1905 mit Unterstützung SR. Majestät des deutschen Kaisers und der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft vom deutschen Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Veranstalteten Ausgrabungen]'' Volume: 1</ref> Techniques used were rudimentary by later standards, and Schumacher's field notes and records were destroyed in [[World War I]] before being published. After the war, [[Carl Watzinger]] published the remaining data from the dig.<ref>Schumacher, Gottlieb; Watzinger, Carl, 1877-1948, (1929): ''[https://archive.org/details/tellelmutesellim02schuuoft Tell el Mutesellim; Bericht über die 1903 bis 1905 mit Unterstützung SR. Majestät des deutschen Kaisers und der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft vom deutschen Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Veranstalteten Ausgrabungen]'', vol. 2.</ref>

In 1925, digging was resumed by the Oriental Institute of the [[University of Chicago]], financed by [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], continuing until the outbreak of the [[Second World War]]. The work was led initially by [[Clarence Stanley Fisher|Clarence S. Fisher]], and later by [[P. L. O. Guy]], Robert Lamon, and Gordon Loud.<ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic4.pdf oi.uchigao.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009114905/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic4.pdf |date=9 October 2012 }} Clarence S. Fisher, The Excavation of Armageddon, Oriental Institute Communications 4, University of Chicago Press, 1929</ref><ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oic9.pdf oi.uchigao.edu] P. L. O. Guy, New Light from Armageddon: Second Provisional Report (1927-29) on the Excavations at Megiddo in Palestine, Oriental Institute Communications 9, University of Chicago Press, 1931</ref><ref>[https://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip42.pdf oi.uchigao.edu] Robert S. Lamon and Geoffrey M. Shipton, Megiddo 1. Seasons of 1925-34: Strata I-V, Oriental Institute Publication 42, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1939, {{ISBN|978-0-226-14233-3}}</ref><ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip62_text.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009122316/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip62_text.pdf|date=9 October 2012}}, Gordon Loud, Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935-1939 - The Text, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1948, {{ISBN|978-965-266-013-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Plates|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip62_plates.pdf|work=oi.uchigao.edu|author=Gordon Loud|publisher=Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935-1939, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Oriental Institute of Chicago|date=1948|isbn=978-0-226-49385-5}}</ref><ref>[https://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/OIP127.pdf oi.uchigao.edu] Timothy P. Harrison, Megiddo 3. Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations, Oriental Institute Publication 127, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-885923-31-8}}</ref> The Oriental Institute intended to completely excavate the whole tel, layer by layer. Money ran out before they could do so. Today, excavators limit themselves to a square or a trench because they must leave something for future archaeologists with better techniques and methods. During these excavations, it was discovered that there were around eight levels of habitation. Many of the uncovered remains are preserved at the [[Rockefeller Museum]] in [[Jerusalem]] and the [[Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures]]. The East Slope area of Megiddo was excavated to the bedrock to serve as a spoil area. The full results of that excavation were not published until decades later.<ref>[https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip139.pdf] Eliot Braun, Early Megiddo on the East Slope (the “Megiddo Stages”): A Report on the Early Occupation of the East Slope of Megiddo (Results of the Oriental Institute’s Excavations, 1925-1933, Oriental Institute Publication 139, Oriental Institute of Chicago, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-885923-98-1}}</ref>

[[Yigael Yadin]] conducted excavations in 1960, 1966, 1967 (with [[Yigal Shiloh|Yigal shiloh]]), and 1971 for the [[Hebrew University]].<ref>Yigael Yadin, "New Light on Solomon's Megiddo," ''Biblical Archaeology'', vol. 23, pp. 62–68, 1960</ref><ref>Yigael Yadin, "Megiddo of the Kings of Israel," ''Biblical Archaeology'', vol. 33, pp. 66–96, 1970</ref> Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg published the formal results of those digs in [[Hebrew University]]'s ''Qedem'' 56 (2016).<ref>Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg, Yadin's Expedition to Megiddo - Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1960,1966,1967, and 1971/2 Seasons, Vols. I&II, Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society - Qedem #56, Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2016</ref>

Since 1994, Megiddo has been the subject of biannual excavation campaigns conducted by the Megiddo Expedition of [[Tel Aviv University]], co-directed by [[Israel Finkelstein]], [[David Ussishkin]], [[Norma Franklin]], and [[Baruch Halpern]] with [[Eric H. Cline]] of [[The George Washington University]] serving as associate director (USA), together with a consortium of international universities.<ref>Israel Finkelstein, David Ussishkin and Baruch Halpern (eds.), ''Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons'', Tel Aviv University, 2000, {{ISBN|978-965-266-013-8}}</ref><ref>Israel Finkelstein, David Ussishkin and Baruch Halpern (eds.), ''Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons'', Tel Aviv University, 2006, {{ISBN|978-965-266-022-0}}</ref><ref>Finkelstein, Israel, David Ussishkin, and Eric H. Cline, eds. Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons. Vol. 31. Penn State Press, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-57506-276-1}}</ref><ref>Finkelstein, Israel, et al. Megiddo VI: The 2010-2014 Seasons. Eisenbrauns, 2022 {{ ISBN|978-1-64602-165-9}}</ref> One notable feature of the dig is close on-site cooperation between archaeologists and specialist scientists, with detailed chemical analysis being performed at the dig itself using a field [[infrared spectrometer]].<ref>Haim Watzman (2010), [http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101130/full/468614a.html Chemists help archaeologists to probe biblical history], ''Nature'', '''468''' 614–615. {{doi|10.1038/468614a}}</ref>

In 2010, the [[Jezreel Valley Regional Project]], directed by Matthew J. Adams of [[Bucknell University]] in cooperation with the Megiddo Expedition, undertook excavations of the eastern extension of the Early Bronze Age town  at the site known as Tel Megiddo East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/early-bronze-age-megiddos-great-temple-and-the-birth-of-urban-culture-in-the-levant/|title=Early Bronze Age: Megiddo's Great Temple and the Birth of Urban Culture in the Levant - Biblical Archaeology Society|date=9 October 2016|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>