Editing Tractor (section)

=== Row-crop ===
{{Redirect|Row-crop|row-crop production generally|Row crop|and|Market garden}}

A '''general-purpose''' or '''row-crop tractor''' is tailored specifically to the growing of crops grown in rows, and most especially to [[cultivator|cultivating]] these crops. These tractors are universal machines, capable of both [[tillage|primary tillage]] and cultivation of a crop. 
<!-- relevant? out of place?
"Row crop" refers to any farm [[crop]] cultivated in rows. The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) defines row crop as an "[a]gricultural crop planted, usually with mechanical planting devices, in individual rows that are spaced to permit machine traffic during the early parts of the growing season".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/cropglossary.html |title=Crop Glossary &#124; Ag 101 &#124; Agriculture &#124; US EPA |publisher=Epa.gov |date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref>-->

[[File:Farmall regular web.JPG|thumb|A [[Farmall]] "Regular"]]

The row-crop tractor category evolved rather than appearing overnight, but the [[International Harvester]] (IH) [[Farmall]] is often considered the "first" tractor of the category. Some earlier tractors of the 1910s and 1920s approached the form factor from the heavier side, as did motorized cultivators from the lighter side, but the Farmall brought all of the salient features together into one package, with a capable distribution network to ensure its commercial success. In the new form factor that the Farmall popularized, the [[cultivator]] was mounted in the front so it was easily visible. Additionally, the tractor had a narrow front end; the front tires were spaced very closely and angled in toward the bottom. The back wheels straddled two rows with their spacing adjustable depending on row spacing, and the unit could cultivate four rows at once. Where wide front wheels were used, they often could be adjusted as well. Tractors with non-adjustable spacing were called "standard" or "wheatland", and were chiefly meant for pulling plows or other towed implements, typically with a lower overall tractor height than row-crop models.

From 1924 until 1963, Farmalls were the largest selling row-crop tractors.

To compete, [[John Deere]] designed the [[List of John Deere tractors|Model C]], which had a wide front and could cultivate three rows at once. Only 112 prototypes were made, as Deere realized it would lose sales to Farmall if its model did less. In 1928, Deere released the Model C anyway, only as the [[Model GP]] (General Purpose) to avoid confusion with the Model D when ordered over the then unclear telephone.<ref name="KlancherLeffingwellMorland2003}"/>

Oliver refined its "Row Crop" model early in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/machines_04.html |title=Tractors Advance during the Depression |publisher=Livinghistoryfarm.org |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2021-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222033224/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/machines_04.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until 1935, the 18–27 was Oliver–[[Hart-Parr]]'s only row-crop tractor.<ref name="Ertel2001p72"/>

Many Oliver row-crop models are referred to as "Oliver Row Crop 77", "Oliver Row Crop 88", etc.

Many early row-crop tractors had a tricycle design with two closely spaced front tires, and some even had a single front tire. This made it dangerous to operate on the side of a steep hill; as a result, many farmers died from tractor rollovers. Also, early row-crop tractors had no [[rollover protection system]] (ROPS), meaning if the tractor flipped back, the operator could be crushed. Sweden was the first country which passed legislation requiring ROPS, in 1959.

Over 50% of tractor related injuries and deaths are attributed to tractor [[Vehicle rollover|rollover]].<ref name="Donham, K. 1999"/>

Canadian agricultural equipment manufacturer [[Versatile (company)|Versatile]] makes row-crop tractors that are {{convert|265|to|365|hp|kW}}; powered by an 8.9 liter [[Cummins Diesel]] engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cumminsengines.com/showcase-item.aspx?id=110&title=QSL9+for+Agriculture+(Tier+4+Interim)&|title=QSL9 for Agriculture (Tier 4 Interim)|website=Cummins Engines|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.versatile-ag.com/NA/pages/product_mfwd.php|title=Versatile – MFWD Tractors|website=www.versatile-ag.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>

[[Case IH]] and [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] of [[CNH Industrial]] both produce high horsepower front-wheel-assist row crop tractors with available rear tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agriculture1.newholland.com/nar/en-us/equipment/products/tractors-telehandlers/genesis-t8-series-tier-4b|title=GENESIS® T8 Series – Tier 4B – Overview {{!}} Tractors ＆ Telehandlers {{!}} New Holland (US)|website=agriculture1.newholland.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>  Case IH also has a {{cvt|500|hp}} four-wheel drive track system called Rowtrac.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caseih.com/northamerica/en-us/Pages/campaigns/track-leadership.aspx|title=Track Technology {{!}} Quadtrac and Rowtrac Tractors {{!}} Case IH|website=Case IH|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>

[[John Deere]] has an extensive line of available row crop tractors ranging from {{convert|140|to|400|hp}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deere.com/en/tractors/row-crop-tractors/|title=John Deere Tractors {{!}} Row Crop Tractors {{!}} John Deere US|website=www.deere.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref>

Modern row crop tractors have rollover protection systems in the form of a reinforced cab or a [[roll cage|roll bar]].