Editing Biosensor (section)

===DNA biosensors===
DNA can be the analyte of a biosensor, being detected through specific means, but it can also be used as part of a biosensor or, theoretically, even as a whole biosensor.

Many techniques exist to detect DNA, which is usually a means to detect organisms that have that particular DNA. DNA sequences can also be used as described above. But more forward-looking approaches exist, where DNA can be synthesized to hold enzymes in a biological, stable gel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Yishun|last2=Xu|first2=Wanlin|last3=Liu|first3=Guoyuan|last4=Tian|first4=Leilei|date=2017|title=A pure DNA hydrogel with stable catalytic ability produced by one-step rolling circle amplification|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7CC00636E|journal=Chemical Communications|language=en|volume=53|issue=21|pages=3038–3041|doi=10.1039/C7CC00636E|pmid=28239729|issn=1359-7345|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other applications are the design of aptamers, sequences of DNA that have a specific shape to bind a desired molecule. The most innovative processes use [[DNA origami]] for this, creating sequences that fold in a predictable structure that is useful for detection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tinnefeld|first1=Philip|last2=Acuna|first2=Guillermo P.|last3=Wei|first3=Qingshan|last4=Ozcan|first4=Aydogan|last5=Ozcan|first5=Aydogan|last6=Ozcan|first6=Aydogan|last7=Vietz|first7=Carolin|last8=Lalkens|first8=Birka|last9=Trofymchuk|first9=Kateryna|last10=Close|first10=Cindy M.|last11=Inan|first11=Hakan|date=2019-04-15|title=DNA origami nanotools for single-molecule biosensing and superresolution microscopy|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=OMA-2019-AW5E.5|journal=Biophotonics Congress: Optics in the Life Sciences Congress 2019 (BODA, BRAIN, NTM, OMA, OMP) (2019), Paper AW5E.5|language=EN|publisher=Optical Society of America|pages=AW5E.5|doi=10.1364/OMA.2019.AW5E.5|isbn=978-1-943580-54-5|s2cid=210753045|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Selnihhin|first1=Denis|last2=Sparvath|first2=Steffen Møller|last3=Preus|first3=Søren|last4=Birkedal|first4=Victoria|last5=Andersen|first5=Ebbe Sloth|date=26 June 2018|title=Multifluorophore DNA Origami Beacon as a Biosensing Platform|journal=ACS Nano|volume=12|issue=6|pages=5699–5708|doi=10.1021/acsnano.8b01510|issn=1936-086X|pmid=29763544|s2cid=206719944 }}</ref>

Scientists have built prototype sensors to detect DNA of animals from sucked in air, "airborne eDNA".<ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists vacuumed animal DNA out of thin air for the first time |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/animal-dna-air-scientist-vacuum-first-time-zoo |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=Science News |date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

"Nanoantennas" made out of DNA – a novel type of nano-scale [[optical antenna]]<!-- reported in 2021--> – can be attached to [[protein]]s and produce a signal via [[fluorescence]] when these perform their biological functions, in particular for distinct [[conformational change]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chemists use DNA to build the world's tiniest antenna |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-01-chemists-dna-world-tiniest-antenna.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=University of Montreal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harroun |first1=Scott G. |last2=Lauzon |first2=Dominic |last3=Ebert |first3=Maximilian C. C. J. C. |last4=Desrosiers |first4=Arnaud |last5=Wang |first5=Xiaomeng |last6=Vallée-Bélisle |first6=Alexis |title=Monitoring protein conformational changes using fluorescent nanoantennas |journal=Nature Methods |date=January 2022 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1038/s41592-021-01355-5 |pmid=34969985 |s2cid=245593311 |language=en |issn=1548-7105|doi-access=free }}</ref>