Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

==Cell-culture BCIs==
{{Main|Cultured neuronal network}}<noinclude>[[File:CaltechNeuroChip.jpg|thumb|The world's first [[neurochip]], developed by [[Caltech]] researchers Jerome Pine and Michael Maher]]</noinclude>

Researchers have built devices to interface with neural cells and entire neural networks ''[[in vitro]]''. Experiments on cultured neural tissue focused on building problem-solving networks, constructing basic computers and manipulating robotic devices. Research into techniques for stimulating and recording individual neurons grown on semiconductor chips is neuroelectronics or [[neurochip]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazzatenta A, Giugliano M, Campidelli S, Gambazzi L, Businaro L, Markram H, Prato M, Ballerini L | display-authors = 6 | title = Interfacing neurons with carbon nanotubes: electrical signal transfer and synaptic stimulation in cultured brain circuits | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 27 | issue = 26 | pages = 6931–6936 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17596441 | pmc = 6672220 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1051-07.2007 }}</ref>

Development of the first neurochip was claimed by a Caltech team led by Jerome Pine and Michael Maher in 1997.<ref>[http://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-scientists-devise-first-neurochip-213 Caltech Scientists Devise First Neurochip], Caltech, 26 October 1997</ref> The Caltech chip had room for 16 neurons.

In 2003 a team led by Theodore Berger, at the [[University of Southern California]], worked on a neurochip designed to function as an artificial or prosthetic [[hippocampus]]. The neurochip was designed for rat brains. The hippocampus was chosen because it is thought to be the most structured and most studied part of the brain. Its function is to encode experiences for storage as long-term memories elsewhere in the brain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/news/technology/medtech/0,65422-0.html |title=Coming to a brain near you |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910201747/http://www.wired.com/news/technology/medtech/0%2C65422-0.html |archivedate=10 September 2006 |url-status=dead |work=Wired News |date=22 October 2004 |first=Lakshmi |last=Sandhana}}</ref>

In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the [[University of Florida]] used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a [[F-22]] fighter jet [[aircraft simulator]]. After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a [[petri dish]] and reconnected themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the [[Aircraft principal axes|pitch]] and [[Aircraft principal axes|yaw]] functions of the simulator. The study's focus was on understanding how the human brain performs and learns computational tasks at a cellular level.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/11/02/brain.dish/ |title='Brain' in a dish flies flight simulator |work=CNN |date=4 November 2004}}</ref>