Editing Face perception (section)

== Social perceptions of faces ==
People make rapid judgements about others based on facial appearance. Some judgements are formed very quickly and accurately, with adults correctly categorising the sex of adult faces with only a 75ms exposure<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Toole |first1=Alice J |last2=Peterson |first2=Jennifer |last3=Deffenbacher |first3=Kenneth A |date=June 1996 |title=An 'other-Race Effect' for Categorizing Faces by Sex |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/p250669 |journal=Perception |language=en |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=669–676 |doi=10.1068/p250669 |pmid=8888300 |s2cid=7191979 |issn=0301-0066|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and with near 100% accuracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wild |first1=Heather A. |last2=Barrett |first2=Susan E. |last3=Spence |first3=Melanie J. |last4=O'Toole |first4=Alice J. |last5=Cheng |first5=Yi D. |last6=Brooke |first6=Jessica |date=December 2000 |title=Recognition and Sex Categorization of Adults' and Children's Faces: Examining Performance in the Absence of Sex-Stereotyped Cues |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022096599925547 |journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=269–291 |doi=10.1006/jecp.1999.2554|pmid=11063629 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The accuracy of some other judgements are less easily confirmed, though there is evidence that perceptions of health made from faces are at least partly accurate, with health judgements reflecting fruit and vegetable intake,<ref name="Stephen 216–227">{{Cite journal |last1=Stephen |first1=Ian D. |last2=Coetzee |first2=Vinet |last3=Perrett |first3=David I. |date=May 2011 |title=Carotenoid and melanin pigment coloration affect perceived human health |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513810001169 |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=216–227 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.09.003|bibcode=2011EHumB..32..216S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> body fat and BMI.<ref name="Stephen 216–227"/> People also form judgements about others' personalities from their faces, and there is evidence of at least partial accuracy in this domain too.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antar |first1=Joseph C. |last2=Stephen |first2=Ian D. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Facial shape provides a valid cue to sociosexuality in men but not women |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109051382100012X |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=361–370 |doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.02.001 |bibcode=2021EHumB..42..361A |s2cid=233919468 |issn=1090-5138}}</ref>

=== Valence-dominance model ===
The valence-dominance model of face recognition is a widely cited model that suggests that the social judgements made of faces can be summarised into two dimensions: valence (positive-negative) and dominance (dominant-submissive).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oosterhof |first1=Nikolaas N. |last2=Todorov |first2=Alexander |date=2008-08-12 |title=The functional basis of face evaluation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=105 |issue=32 |pages=11087–92 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0805664105 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2516255 |pmid=18685089|bibcode=2008PNAS..10511087O |doi-access=free }}</ref> A recent large-scale multi-country replication project largely supported this model across different world regions, though found that a potential third dimension may also be important in some regions<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Benedict C. |last2=DeBruine |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Flake |first3=Jessica K. |last4=Liuzza |first4=Marco Tullio |last5=Antfolk |first5=Jan |last6=Arinze |first6=Nwadiogo C. |last7=Ndukaihe |first7=Izuchukwu L. G. |last8=Bloxsom |first8=Nicholas G. |last9=Lewis |first9=Savannah C. |last10=Foroni |first10=Francesco |last11=Willis |first11=Megan L. |last12=Cubillas |first12=Carmelo P. |last13=Vadillo |first13=Miguel A. |last14=Turiegano |first14=Enrique |last15=Gilead |first15=Michael |date=January 2021 |title=To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-01007-2 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=159–169 |doi=10.1038/s41562-020-01007-2 |pmid=33398150 |hdl=10037/23933 |s2cid=229298679 |issn=2397-3374|hdl-access=free }}</ref> and other research suggests that the valence-dominance model also applies to social perceptions of bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tzschaschel |first1=Eva |last2=Brooks |first2=Kevin R. |last3=Stephen |first3=Ian D. |title=The valence-dominance model applies to body perception |journal=Royal Society Open Science |year=2022 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=220594 |doi=10.1098/rsos.220594 |pmc=9449465 |pmid=36133152|bibcode=2022RSOS....920594T }}</ref>