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July Monarchy
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==== Return of Napoleon's ashes ==== [[File:Repatriación de las cenizas de Napoleón a bordo de la Belle Poule, por Eugène Isabey.jpg|thumb|right|350px|''The transfer of Napoleon's ashes on board of {{lang|fr|La Belle Poule|italic=no}} on 15 October 1840.'' Painting by {{lang|fr|[[Eugène Isabey]]|italic=no}}.]] {{Main|Retour des cendres}} While {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} favored the conservative bourgeoisie, he also made sure to satisfy the Left's thirst for glory. On 12 May 1840, the Minister of the Interior, {{lang|fr|[[Charles de Rémusat]]|italic=no}}, announced to the deputies that the king had decided that the remains of {{lang|fr|[[Napoléon]]|italic=no}} would be transferred to the {{lang|fr|[[Invalides]]|italic=no}}. With the British government's agreement, the {{lang|fr|Prince de Joinville|italic=no}} sailed to [[Saint Helena]] on the frigate {{lang|fr|[[French frigate Belle Poule (1834)|La Belle Poule]]}} to retrieve them. This announcement immediately struck a chord with public opinion, which was swept along with patriotic fervor. Thiers saw in this act the successful completion of the rehabilitation of the Revolution and of the Empire, which he had attempted in his {{lang|fr|Histoire de la Révolution française}} and his {{lang|fr|Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire}}, while {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}, who was reluctant, aimed at capturing for himself a touch of the imperial glory, just as he had appropriated the legitimist monarchy's glory in the {{lang|fr|Château de Versailles|italic=no}}. The Prince {{lang|fr|[[Napoléon III|Louis-Napoléon]]|italic=no}} decided to seize the opportunity to land in {{lang|fr|[[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]|italic=no}} on 6 August 1840, with the aim of rallying the 42nd infantry regiment ({{lang|fr|42<sup>e</sup> régiment de ligne}}) along with some accomplices including one of {{lang|fr|Napoléon|italic=no}}'s comrades in Saint Helena, the [[Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon|General {{lang|fr|de Montholon|italic=no|nocat=y}}]]. Although {{lang|fr|Montholon|italic=no}} was in reality a [[double agent]] used by the French government to spy, in London, on {{lang|fr|Louis-Napoléon|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|Montholon|italic=no}} deceived {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} by letting him think that the operation would take place in Metz. However, Bonaparte's operation was a complete failure, and he was detained with his men in the [[Fort of Ham]], Picardy. Their trial took place before the Chamber of Peers from 28 September 1840 to 6 October 1840, to general indifference. The public's attention was concentrated on the trial of {{lang|fr|[[Marie Lafarge]]|italic=no}}, before the {{lang|fr|Cour d'assises}} of {{lang|fr|Tulle|italic=no}}, the defendant being accused of having poisoned her husband. Defended by the famous Legitimist lawyer {{lang|fr|[[Pierre-Antoine Berryer]]|italic=no}}, Bonaparte was sentenced to [[life detention]], by 152 votes (against 160 abstentions, out of a total of 312 Peers). "We do not kill insane people, all right! but we do confine them,<ref>{{lang|fr|« On ne tue pas les fous, soit! mais on les enferme »}}, in {{lang|fr|[[Le Journal des débats]]}} (quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=818}})</ref> declared the {{lang|fr|[[Journal des débats]]}}, in this period of intense discussions concerning [[parricide]]s, [[mental disease]] and reform of the [[penal code]].<ref>See {{lang|fr|[[Michel Foucault]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|Moi, Pierre Rivière, ayant égorgé ma mère, ma sœur et mon frère}} (Gallimard, 1973). English transl.: ''I, Pierre Rivière, Having Slaughtered my Mother, my Sister and my Brother'' (Penguin, 1975)</ref>
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