Editing Multiculturalism (section)

===Indonesia===
{{further|Bhinneka Tunggal Ika|Demographics of Indonesia|Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Culture of Indonesia}}
[[Cultural pluralism|Pluralism]], [[Unity in diversity|diversity]] and multiculturalism is a daily fact of life in [[Indonesia]]. There are over [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|600 ethnic groups]] in Indonesia.<ref>Kuoni – Far East, A world of difference. p. 88. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik-data-suku-di-indonesia.html|title=Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik]]|access-date=12 February 2020|date=18 November 2015}}</ref> 95% of those are of [[Native Indonesians|Native Indonesian]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Pribumi |encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of Modern Asia |publisher= Macmillan Reference USA |url= http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/ |access-date= 5 October 2006 |archive-date= 8 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708083059/http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia who make up nearly 42% of the total population.<ref name="ISAS">{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Ananta |first3=Aris |title=Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-230-212-0 }}{{page needed|date=March 2021}}</ref> The [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]], and [[Madurese people|Madurese]] are the next largest groups in the country.<ref name="ISAS" /> There are also more than [[Languages of Indonesia|700 living languages spoken in Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=indonesia |title=Ethnologue report for Indonesia |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref> and although predominantly [[Islam in Indonesia|Muslim]] the country also has large [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christian]] and [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu]] populations.

Indonesia's national motto, ''[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]'' ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one") enshrined in [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]] the national ideology, articulates the diversity that shapes the country.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Geography of Indonesia | publisher=Indonesia.go.id | url=http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/indonesia-glance/geography-indonesia | access-date=4 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103201331/http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/indonesia-glance/geography-indonesia | archive-date=3 January 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The government nurtures and promotes the diversity of Indonesian local culture; adopting a pluralist approach.

Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government [[transmigration program]]s or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions. The Javanese for example, moved from their traditional homeland in Java to the other parts of the archipelago. The expansion of the Javanese and their influence throughout Indonesia has raised the issue of [[Javanization]], although [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Malay Indonesian|Malay]], Madurese, [[Bugis]] and Makassar people, as a result of their ''merantau'' (migrating) culture are also quite widely distributed throughout the Indonesian archipelago, while [[Chinese Indonesian]]s can be found in most urban areas. Because of urbanization, major Indonesian cities such as [[Greater Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Bandung]], [[Palembang]], [[Medan]] and [[Makassar]] have attracted large numbers of Indonesians from various ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds. Jakarta in particular has almost all Indonesian ethnic groups represented.

However, this transmigration program and close interactions between people of different cultural backgrounds caused socio-cultural problems, as the inter-ethnics interactions have not always been conducted harmoniously. After the [[Post-Suharto era|fall of Suharto]] in 1998 into the 2000s, numbers of inter-ethnic and inter-religious clashes erupted in Indonesia. Like the clashes between native [[Dayak people|Dayak]] tribes against [[Madurese people|Madurese]] transmigrants in [[Kalimantan]] during [[Sambas riots]] in 1999<ref name="hrw">{{cite web|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=28 February 2001|title=Indonesia: The Violence in Central Kalimantan (Borneo)|url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/borneo0228.htm|access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref> and the [[Sampit conflict]] in 2001.<ref name="flashpoint">{{cite news|publisher=BBC|date=28 June 2004|access-date=13 August 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3811219.stm|title=Indonesia flashpoints: Kalimantan}}</ref> There were also clashes between Muslims and Christians, such as [[Poso riots|violence erupted in Poso]] between 1998 and into 2000,<ref name="BBC flashpoints">{{cite news| work =[[BBC News]] | date = 28 June 2004| title = Indonesia flashpoints: Sulawesi| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3812737.stm| access-date = 13 October 2012}}</ref> and [[Maluku sectarian conflict|violences in Maluku]] between 1999 and into 2002.<ref name="timedirty">{{cite news|last=Elegant|first=Simon|title=Indonesia's Dirty Little Holy War|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,187655,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423064855/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,187655,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2010|access-date=31 March 2011|newspaper=Time|date=17 December 2001}}</ref> Nevertheless, Indonesia today still struggles and has managed to maintain unity and inter-cultural harmony, through a national adherence of pro-pluralism policy of Pancasila; promoted and enforced by the government and its people.

[[Chinese Indonesians]] are the largest foreign-origin minority that has resided in Indonesia for generations. Despite centuries of acculturation with native Indonesians, because of their disproportionate influence on Indonesian economy, and alleged question of national loyalty, Chinese Indonesians have suffered [[Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians|discrimination]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=25 November 2016|title=Jakarta's violent identity crisis: behind the vilification of Chinese-Indonesians|url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/25/jakarta-chinese-indonesians-governor-ahok|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220213050845/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/nov/25/jakarta-chinese-indonesians-governor-ahok%23comments|archive-date=13 February 2022|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> The [[Suharto]] ''Orde Baru'' or New Order adopted a forced [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] policy; which indicated that Chinese cultural elements were unacceptable.{{sfn|Tan|2008|p=24}} Chinese Indonesians were forced to adopt [[Chinese Indonesian surname|Indonesian-sounding names]], and the use of Chinese culture and language was banned.<ref name=":7" /> The violence targeting Chinese Indonesians erupted during [[Fall of Suharto#Riots of 13–14 May|riots in 1998.]] As the looting and destruction took place, a number of Chinese Indonesians, as well as looters, were killed. The Chinese Indonesians were treated as the scapegoat of [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]], a result of ongoing discrimination and segregation policies enforced during Suharto's New Order regime. Soon after the fourth Indonesian President, [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] came into power in 1999, he quickly abolished some of the discriminatory laws in efforts to promote acceptance and to improve inter-racial relationships, such as abolishing the ban on Chinese culture; allowing Chinese traditions to be practised freely. Two years later President [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] declared that the [[Chinese New Year]] (''{{lang|id|Imlek}}'') would be marked as a [[Public holidays in Indonesia|national holiday]] from 2003.{{sfn|Setiono|2003|p=1099}} Tense incidents however have included attacks on Chinese temples<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 August 2017|title=In Indonesia, Chinese Deity Is Covered in Sheet After Muslims Protest|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/asia/indonesia-chinese-statue-islam-muslims-protest-guan-yu.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Indonesian politician [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] being given a two year prison sentence for [[blasphemy]] due to comments he made to his supporters in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2016|title=In Indonesia, Fears Rise Among Ethnic Chinese Amid Blasphemy Probe|language=en-US|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-indonesia-fears-rise-among-ethnic-chinese-amid-blasphemy-probe-1480161601|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220213045340/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-indonesia-fears-rise-among-ethnic-chinese-amid-blasphemy-probe-1480161601|archive-date=13 February 2022|issn=0099-9660|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 August 2017|title=30m Chinese idol covered in sheet after Muslim protest|language=en-AU|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-11/chinese-statue-covered-up-in-indonesian-city/8796404}}</ref>