Editing Participle (section)

==Finno-Ugric languages==

===Finnish===
Finnish uses six participles (''partisiippi'') to convey different meanings. Below is a table displaying the declension of the participles of the verb '''tappaa''' (to kill).

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|+ Finnish Participles
!
! Active
! Passive
|-
! Present
| tappava || tapettava
|-
! Past
| tappanut
| tapettu
|}
{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|-
! Agent
| tappama-
|-
! Negative
| tappamaton
|}

The participles work in the following way:

{| class="wikitable"
|tappava
| '''Present active participle:''' Conveys an ongoing action. Used to omit the use of the relative pronoun ''who'', ''which'' or ''that''. Tappava means "killing" as in "killing machine". In other words, machine ''that'' kills. It can also work as the subject of the sentence. In other words, tappava can mean "the one who kills" or "he who kills". Tappava on... = He who kills is...
|-
|tapettava
| '''Present passive participle:''' Conveys possibility and obligation. Possibility as in -able (killable) and obligation as in ''something that has to be killed''. ''Tapettava mies'' can mean both "the killable man" (possibility) and "the man who has to be killed" (obligation).
|-
|tappanut
| '''Past active participle:''' Used with the verb ''olla'' (to be) to construct the perfect and the past perfect tenses. In English the verb "to have" is used to form the perfect and past perfect tense (I '''have'''/'''had''' killed), in Finnish the verb "to be" is used instead (minä '''olen'''/'''olin''' tappanut). Just like the present active participle, it can also be used as the subject in a sentence, except it conveys the meaning in the past tense. In other words, tappanut can mean "the one who killed" or "he who killed". Tappanut on... = He who killed is...
|-
|tapettu
| '''Past passive participle:''' A concluded action. Tapettu mies = the killed man.
|-
|tappama-
| '''Agent participle:''' Always used with a possessive suffix. It is used to convey the meaning of the word "by" in English, since there is no word for "by" in Finnish. Hänen tappa'''mansa''' mies = The man killed '''by him'''. The tense of the translation depends on the context.
|-
|tappamaton
| '''Negative participle:''' Used to convey impossibility (unkillable) and undoneness (not killed). Tappamaton mies means both "unkillable man" and "man (who is) not killed".
|}

Each of the participles can be used as adjectives and so some of them can be turned into nouns.

{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|-
! Finnish (adjective)
| tappava || tapettava || tappamaton
|-
! English (adjective)
| killing || killable || unkillable (possibility) or ''not killed'' (undoneness)
|-
! Finnish (noun)
| tappavuus || tapettavuus || tappamattomuus
|-
! English (noun)
| killingness || killability || unkillability (possibility) or ''lack of killing'' (undoneness)
|}

===Hungarian===
[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] uses adjectival and adverbial participles.

Adjectival participles (''melléknévi igenév'') can be one of these three types:
* Present (active): ''olvas'' (read) – ''olvasó'' (reading), ''él'' (live) – ''élő'' (living)
* Past (usually passive): ''zár'' (close) – ''zárt'' (closed)
* Future (has a modal meaning): ''olvas'' (read) – ''olvasandó'' (to be read), ''fizet'' (pay) – ''fizetendő'' (to be paid)

Adverbial participles (''határozói igenév'') can be:
* Imperfect: ''siet'' (hurry) – ''sietve'' (hurrying, i.e. in a hurrying manner)
* Perfect: ''bemegy'' (go in) – ''bemenvén'' (having gone in) (this form is rarely used in modern Hungarian)

In Hungarian grammar, the infinitive is also considered a kind of participle, the noun participle (''főnévi igenév'').