Editing Relative clause (section)

====Tagalog====
[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] uses the [[Relative clause#Gapped relative clause|gapping strategy]] to form relative clauses, with the [[complementizer]], ''na'' / ''=ng'' 'that', separating the head, which is the noun being modified, from the actual relative clause. In (1a) below, ''lalaki'' 'man' serves as the head, while ''nagbigay ng bigas sa bata'' 'gave rice to the child' is the relative clause.

{{interlinear|number=(1) a.
| '''lalaki''' {{=}}ng nagbigay ____ ng bigas sa bata
| man COMP ACT.gave {} ACC rice DAT child
| "man that gave rice to the child"}}

{{interlinear|number=b.
| Nagbigay ''ang'' ''lalaki'' ng bigas sa bata.
| ACT.gave NOM man ACC rice DAT child
| "The man gave rice to the child."}}

The gap inside the relative clause corresponds to the position that the noun acting as the head would have normally taken, had it been in a [[Sentence (linguistics)#By purpose|declarative sentence]]. In (1a), the gap is in subject position within the relative clause. This corresponds to the subject position occupied by ''ang lalaki'' 'the man' in the declarative sentence in (1b).

There is a constraint in Tagalog on the position from which a noun can be relativized and in which a gap can appear: A noun has to be the subject within the relative clause in order for it to be relativized. The phrases in (2) are ungrammatical because the nouns that have been relativized are not the subjects of their respective relative clauses. In (2a), the gap is in direct object position, while in (2b), the gap is in indirect object position.

{{interlinear|number=(2) a.
| * '''bigas''' na nagbigay ang lalaki ____ sa bata
| {} rice COMP ACT.gave NOM man {} DAT child
| for: "rice that the man gave to the child"}}

{{interlinear|number=b.
| * '''bata''' {{=}}ng nagbigay ang lalaki ng bigas ____
| {} child COMP ACT.gave NOM man ACC rice {}
| for: "child that the man gave rice to"}}

The correct Tagalog translations for the intended meanings in (2) are found in (3), where the verbs have been passivized in order to raise the logical direct object in (3a) and the logical indirect object in (3b) to subject position. (Tagalog can have more than one [[Tagalog grammar#Trigger|passive voice]] form for any given verb.)

{{interlinear|number=(3) a.
| '''bigas''' na ibinigay ng lalaki sa bata
| rice COMP PAS.gave GEN man DAT child
| "rice that the man gave to the child"<br />(or: "rice that was given to the child by the man")}}

{{interlinear|number=b.
| '''bata''' {{=}}ng binigyan ng lalaki ng bigas
| child COMP gave.PAS GEN man ACC rice
| "child that the man gave rice to"<br />(or: "child that was given rice to by the man")}}

Tagalog relative clauses can be left-headed, as in (1a) and (3), right-headed, as in (4), or internally headed, as in (5).

{{interlinear|number=(4)
| nagbigay ng bigas sa bata na '''lalaki'''
| ACT.gave ACC rice DAT child COMP man
| "man that gave rice to the child"}}

{{interlinear|number=(5) a.
| nagbigay na '''lalaki''' ng bigas sa bata
| ACT.gave COMP man ACC rice DAT child
| "man that gave rice to the child"}}

{{interlinear|number=b.
| nagbigay ng bigas na '''lalaki''' sa bata
| ACT.gave ACC rice COMP man DAT child
| "man that gave rice to the child"}}

In (4), the head, ''lalaki'' 'man', is found after or to the right of the relative clause, ''nagbigay ng bigas sa bata'' 'gave rice to the child'. In (5), the head is found in some position inside the relative clause. When the head appears to the right of or internally to the relative clause, the complementizer appears to the left of the head. When the head surfaces to the left of the relative clause, the complementizer surfaces to the right of the head.

There are exceptions to the subjects-only constraint to relativization mentioned above. The first involves relativizing the [[Possession (linguistics)|possessor]] of a noun phrase within the relative clause.

{{interlinear|number=(6)
| '''bata''' {{=}}ng nasugatan ang daliri ____
| child COMP injured.PAS NOM finger {}
| "child whose finger was injured"}}

In (6), the head, ''bata'' 'child', is the owner of the injured finger. The phrase ''ang daliri'' 'the finger' is the subject of the verb, ''nasugatan'' 'was injured'.

Another exception involves relativizing the [[Oblique case|oblique]] noun phrase.

{{interlinear|number=(7) a.
| '''ospital''' (na) kung saan ipinanganak si Juan
| hospital COMP Q-COMP where PAS.bore NOM Juan
| "hospital where Juan was born"}}

{{interlinear|number=b.
| Nagtanong siya kung saan ipinanganak si Juan.
| ACT.asked 3SG.NOM Q-COMP where PAS.bore NOM Juan
| "She asked where Juan was born."}}

{{interlinear|number=c.
| Ipinanganak si Juan ''sa'' ''ospital''.
| PAS.bore NOM Juan LOC hospital
| "Juan was born at the hospital."}}

{{interlinear|number=d.
| Saan ipinanganak si Juan?
| where PAS.bore NOM Juan
| "Where was Juan born?"}}

When an oblique noun phrase is relativized, as in (7a), ''na'' 'that', the complementizer that separates the head from the relative clause, is optional. The relative clause itself is also composed differently. In the examples in (1a), and in (3) to (6), the relative clauses are simple declaratives that contain a gap. However, the relative clause in (7a) looks more like an [[Indirect speech|indirect]] [[Sentence (linguistics)#By purpose|question]], complete with the [[Sentence (linguistics)#By purpose|interrogative]] complementizer, ''kung'' 'if', and a pre-verbally positioned [[Interrogative word|WH-word]] like ''saan'' 'where', as in (7b). The sentence in (7c) is the declarative version of the relative clause in (7a), illustrating where the head, ''ospital'' 'hospital', would have been "before" relativization. The question in (7d) shows the direct question version of the [[Dependent clause|subordinate]] indirect question in (7b).