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== Citations == {{refs|refs= <ref name="animatedengines">{{ cite web|url=http://www.animatedengines.com/ross.shtml|title=Animated Engines|work=animatedengines.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111115813/http://www.animatedengines.com/ross.shtml|archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> <ref name="BBC_CHP">{{cite news | title = Power from the people | work = BBC News | date = 31 October 2003 | quote = The boiler is based on the Stirling engine, dreamed up by the Scottish inventor Robert Stirling in 1816. [...] The technical name given to this particular use is Micro Combined Heat and Power or Micro CHP. | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/3231549.stm | url-status = live | archive-date = 1 November 2003 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031101075623/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/3231549.stm }}</ref> <ref name="Benson-1973">{{ cite conference | author = G.M. Benson | title = Thermal Oscillators | year = 1973 | book-title = Proceedings of the 8th IECEC | location = Philadelphia | publisher = American Society of Mechanical Engineers | pages= 182–189 }}</ref> <ref name="Benson-1977">G.M. Benson (1977). "Thermal Oscillators", ''[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4044558 US patent 4044558] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621120547/http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4044558 |date=21 June 2008 }}''. Granted to New Process Ind, 30 August 1977 .</ref> <ref name="Brandhorst-2005">{{ cite conference | author1 = H.W. Brandhorst | author2 = J.A. 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Organ (2001), Chapter 2.2</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-2.4">T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), Chapter 2.4</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-2-3">T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), Chapters 2&3</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-30">T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), p. 30</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-34">T. Finkelstein; A. J. Organ (2001), p. 34</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-55">T. Finkelstein; A. J. Organ (2001), p. 55</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-64">T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), p. 64</ref> <ref name="Finkelstein-2001-66-229">T. Finkelstein; A.J. Organ (2001), Page 66 & 229</ref> <ref name="G. Walker 1980 page 1">"Stirling Engines", G. Walker (1980), Clarendon Press, Oxford, page 1: "A Stirling engine is a mechanical device which operates on a *closed* regenerative [[thermodynamic cycle]], with cyclic compression and expansion of the working fluid at different temperature levels."</ref> <ref name="haeamontons-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/primitive-air-engine/amontons-1699|title=Amontons Fire Wheel|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haearnott-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/furnace-air-engine/arnott-1829|title=Arnott's air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haecayley1807-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/furnace-air-engine/cayley-1807|title=Cayley 1807 air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haeericsson">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/inventors/ericsson|title=The Ericsson Caloric Engines|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haeinventors-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/|title=The Hot Air Engine of the 19th Century|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haeparkinson&crossley">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/parkinson-and-crossley-1827|title=Parkinson & Crossley hot air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1816engine">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1816|title=Stirling's 1816 engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1816-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1816|title=The Stirling 1816 hot air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1816-s02">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1816|title=The patent of the Stirling 1816 hot air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1827-s01">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1827|title=The Stirling 1827 air engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1842">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1827/stirling-dundee-engine|title=The Dundee Stirling Engine|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1842-2">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1827/stirling-dundee-engine/description|title=The Dundee Stirling Engine review and discussion|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1842patent-2">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/patents/stirling-patents|title=The Stirling Dundee engine patent|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="haestirling1842-S03">{{ cite web|url=http://hotairengines.org/closed-cycle-engine/stirling-1827/stirling-dundee-engine/complete-description|title=The 1842 Stirling Engine presented by James Stirling to the Institution of Civil Engineers on June 10th 1845 – Full text and discussion|work=hotairengines.org}}</ref> <ref name="Hargreaves">C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.??</ref> <ref name="Hargreaves-1991-2.5">C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Chapter 2.5</ref> <ref name="Hargreaves-1991-28-30">C. M. Hargreaves (1991), pp. 28–30</ref> <ref name="Hargreaves-1991-61">C. M. Hargreaves (1991), p. 61</ref> <ref name="Hargreaves-1991-77">C. M. Hargreaves (1991), p. 77</ref> <ref name="Herzog-2008">{{ cite web | author = Z. Herzog | title = Schmidt Analysis | url = http://mac6.ma.psu.edu/stirling/simulations/isothermal/schmidt.html | year = 2008 | access-date = 2009-01-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090426000947/http://mac6.ma.psu.edu/stirling/simulations/isothermal/schmidt.html | archive-date=2009-04-26 }}</ref> <ref name="Hirata-1997">{{ cite web | author = K. Hirata | title = Schmidt Theory For Stirling Engines | url = http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/academic/schmidt/schmidt.htm | year = 1997 | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="Hirata-1998">{{ cite web | author = Koichi Hirata | title = Design and manufacturing of a prototype engine | url = http://www.nmri.go.jp/eng/khirata/stirling/docpaper/sekkeie.html | publisher = National Maritime Research Institute - Japan | year = 1998 | access-date = 2009-01-18 | archive-date = 2008-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224083546/http://www.nmri.go.jp/eng/khirata/stirling/docpaper/sekkeie.html }}</ref> <ref name="Keveney-2000a">{{ cite web | author = M. Keveney | title = Two Cylinder Stirling Engine | url = http://www.animatedengines.com/vstirling.html | publisher = animatedengines.com | year = 2000a | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="Keveney-2000b">{{ cite web | url = http://www.animatedengines.com/stirling.html | title = Single Cylinder Stirling Engine | author = M. Keveney | publisher = animatedengines.com | year = 2000b | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="Kockums">{{ cite web | author = Kockums | title = The Stirling Engine: An Engine for the Future | url = http://www.kockums.se/products/kockumsstirlingm.html | access-date = 2009-01-18 | archive-date = 2008-08-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830043719/http://www.kockums.se/products/kockumsstirlingm.html }}</ref> <ref name="Kongtragool-2003">{{ cite journal |author1=B. Kongtragool |author2=S. Wongwises | title = A review of solar-powered Stirling engines and low temperature differential Stirling engines | year = 2003 | journal = Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–154 | doi = 10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00053-9|bibcode=2003RSERv...7..131K }}</ref> <ref name="Krupp-57">Krupp and Horn. Earth: The Sequel. p. 57</ref> <ref name="Make-2006">{{ cite web | author = MAKE: Magazine | title = Two Can Stirling Engine | url = https://makezine.com/projects/two-can-stirling-engine/ | year = 2006 | access-date = 2012-03-18}}</ref> <ref name="Model_Aircraft">{{ cite journal |last1=Mcconaghy |first1=Robert |title=Design of a Stirling Engine for Model Aircraft |journal=IECEC |date=1986 |pages=490–493 }}</ref> <ref name="mpower">{{ cite web|url=http://www.mpoweruk.com/stirling_engine.htm|title=The Stirling Engine|work=mpoweruk.com}}</ref> <ref name="NASA, Automotive Stirling Engine">{{Cite web | title = Automotive Stirling Engine: Mod II Design Report | last = Nightingale | first = Noel P. | date = October 1986 |website=NASA Technical Report Server | url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880002196.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170429223941/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19880002196.pdf | archive-date = 29 April 2017}}</ref> <ref name="NASA-NPR">{{ Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/03/608137119/nasa-tests-new-nuclear-reactor-for-future-space-travelers|title=NASA Tests New Nuclear Reactor For Future Space Travelers|newspaper=NPR|date=3 May 2018|last1=Brumfiel|first1=Geoff}}</ref> <ref name="Nesmith-1985">{{ cite magazine | author = A. Nesmith | title = A Long, Arduous March Toward Standardization | url = http://www.asme.org/Communities/History/Resources/Long_Arduous_March_Toward.cfm | magazine = Smithsonian Magazine | year = 1985 | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="NREL_CSP">{{ cite web |url=http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_csp.html |title=Learning about renewable energy |publisher=NREL – National Renewable Energy Laboratory |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502171536/http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_csp.html |archive-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Organ-1992-3.1-3.2">A.J. Organ (1992), Chapter 3.1 – 3.2</ref> <ref name="Organ-1992-58">A.J. Organ (1992), p.58</ref> <ref name="Organ-1997">{{ cite book | author = A.J. Organ | title = The Regenerator and the Stirling Engine | publisher = Wiley | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-86058-010-6 | pages = ?? }}</ref> <ref name="Organ-2007">{{ cite book | author = A.J. Organ | title = The Air Engine: Stirling Cycle Power for a Sustainable Future | publisher = Woodhead Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84569-231-5 | pages = Sleeve notes }}</ref> <ref name="Organ-2008a">{{ cite web | author = A.J. Organ | title = 1818 and All That | url = http://web.me.com/allan.j.o/Communicable_Insight/1818_and_all_that.html | publisher = Communicable Insight | year = 2008a | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="Organ-2008b">{{cite web | author = A.J. Organ | title = Why Air? | url = http://web.me.com/allan.j.o/Communicable_Insight/Why_air.html | publisher = Communicable Insight | year = 2008b | access-date = 2009-01-18 | archive-date = 7 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207124226/http://web.me.com/allan.j.o/Communicable_Insight/Why_air.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Organ-2014-4">Stirling Cycle Engines, A J Organ (2014), p.4</ref> <ref name="patent-00856102">Ossian Ringbom (of Borgå, Finland) [http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00856102&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0856102.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0856102%2526RS%3DPN%2F0856102&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page "Hot-air engine"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017032339/http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00856102&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0856102.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0856102%2526RS%3DPN%2F0856102&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |date=17 October 2015 }} U.S. Patent no. 856,102 (filed: 17 July 1905; issued: 4 June 1907).</ref> <ref name="patent-1816">English patent 4081 of 1816 ''Improvements for diminishing the consumption of fuel and in particular an engine capable of being applied to the moving ''(of)'' machinery on a principle entirely new.'' as reproduced in part in C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Appendix B, with full transcription of text in R. Sier (1995), p.{{Page?|date=May 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Philips-1947">''Philips Technical Review'' (1947), Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 97.</ref> <ref name="Postle-1873">D. Postle (1873). "Producing Cold for Preserving Animal Food", ''British Patent 709'', granted 26 February 1873.</ref> <ref name="Quasiturbine">{{ cite web | author = Quasiturbine Agence | title = Quasiturbine Stirling – Hot Air Engine | url = http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/ETypeStirling.htm | access-date = 2009-01-18}}</ref> <ref name="Raballand">{{ cite journal|last=RABALLAND|first=Thierry|date=2007|title=Etude de faisabilité d'un concept d'étanchéité pour machines volumétriques à pistons oscillants|url=http://www.moteurstirling.com/pdf/franchot.pdf|journal=University of Bordeaux|pages=12–14|lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203152729/http://www.moteurstirling.com/pdf/franchot.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="Rallis-IECEC">Rallis C. J., Urieli I. and Berchowitz D.M. A New Ported Constant Volume External Heat Supply Regenerative Cycle, 12th IECEC, Washington DC, 1977, pp 1534–1537.</ref> <ref name="Romanelli-2017">{{Cite journal |author=A. Romanelli |title=Alternative thermodynamic cycle for the Stirling machine |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=85|pages=926–931 |year=2017|issue=12 |doi=10.1119/1.5007063 |arxiv=1704.01611 |bibcode=2017AmJPh..85..926R |s2cid=119090897 }}</ref> <ref name="Romanelli-2020">{{cite journal | last=Romanelli | first=Alejandro | title=Stirling engine operating at low temperature difference | journal=American Journal of Physics | publisher=American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) | volume=88 | issue=4 | year=2020 | issn=0002-9505 | doi=10.1119/10.0000832 |pages=319–324|arxiv=2003.07157| bibcode=2020AmJPh..88..319R |s2cid=212725151 }}</ref> <ref name="Romanelli-2024">{{Cite journal |author=A. Romanelli |title=Entropy and the Stirling engine |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=45|year=2024|issue=3 |page=035102 |doi=10.1088/1361-6404/ad312d|bibcode=2024EJPh...45c5102R}}</ref> <ref name="scaling">{{ cite journal |first1 = Fabien |last1 = Formosa | first2= Luc G. |last2= Fréchette |title=Scaling laws for free piston Stirling engine design: Benefits and challenges of miniaturization |journal=Energy |volume=57 |pages=796–808 |date=1 August 2013 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.009|bibcode = 2013Ene....57..796F }}</ref> <ref name="Schimdt-2003">{{Cite web |last=Schimdt |first=George|url=http://newfrontiers.larc.nasa.gov/PDF_FILES/09_NF_PPC_Schmidt.pdf |title=Radio Isotope Power Systems for the New Frontier. 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Walker et al., Springer 1985, reprinted by Stirling Machine World, West Richland WA</ref> <ref name="WO2012062231">"[http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2012062231&recNum=1&maxRec=1&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=PCT%2FCZ2011%2F000108&tab=PCT+Biblio DOUBLE ACTING DISPLACER WITH SEPARATE HOT AND COLD SPACE AND THE HEAT ENGINE WITH A DOUBLE ACTING DISPLACE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114100725/http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2012062231&recNum=1&maxRec=1&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=PCT%2FCZ2011%2F000108&tab=PCT+Biblio |date=14 January 2015 }}" WO/2012/062231 PCT/CZ2011/000108</ref> <ref name="LGET">{{ cite web|last1=Dudek|first1=Jerzy|last2=Klimek|first2=Piotr|last3=Kołodziejak|first3=Grzegorz|last4=Niemczewska|first4=Joanna|last5=Zaleska-Bartosz|first5=Joanna|title=Landfill Gas Energy Technologies|url=https://www.globalmethane.org/Data/1022_LFG-Handbook.pdf|website=Global Methane Initiative|publisher=Instytut Nafty i Gazu / US Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=2015-07-24|date=2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725064554/https://www.globalmethane.org/Data/1022_LFG-Handbook.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> }}
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