Editing Biosensor (section)

=== Graphene-based biosensor ===
[[Graphene]] is a two-dimensional carbon-based substance with superior optical, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The ability to absorb and immobilize a variety of proteins, particularly some with carbon ring structures, has proven graphene to be an excellent candidate as a biosensor transducer. As a result, various graphene-based biosensors have been explored and developed in recent times.<ref name="High-performance graphene-based bio"/>
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khayamian |first1=Mohammad Ali |last2=Parizi |first2=Mohammad Salemizadeh |last3=Ghaderinia |first3=Mohammadreza |last4=Abadijoo |first4=Hamed |last5=Vanaei |first5=Shohreh |last6=Simaee |first6=Hossein |last7=Abdolhosseini |first7=Saeed |last8=Shalileh |first8=Shahriar |last9=Faramarzpour |first9=Mahsa |last10=Naeini |first10=Vahid Fadaei |last11=Hoseinpour |first11=Parisa |last12=Shojaeian |first12=Fatemeh |last13=Abbasvandi |first13=Fereshteh |last14=Abdolahad |first14=Mohammad |title=A label-free graphene-based impedimetric biosensor for real-time tracing of the cytokine storm in blood serum; suitable for screening COVID-19 patients |journal=RSC Advances |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=55 |pages=34503–34515 |doi=10.1039/D1RA04298J|pmid=35494759 |pmc=9042719 |bibcode=2021RSCAd..1134503K }}</ref> Graphene has been employed as a biosensor in various formats especially electrochemical sensors and field effect transistors. Amongst them graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) especially have shown excellent performance as rapid point of care (PoC) diagnostics as observed through a surge in number of research articles reporting COVID-19 diagnostics using GFETs. They have been reported to have some of the lowest limit of detection whilst also having a rapid turn around time of a few seconds along with multiplexing abilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Neelotpala |last2=Towers |first2=Dalton |last3=Myers |first3=Samantha |last4=Galvin |first4=Cooper |last5=Kireev |first5=Dmitry |last6=Ellington |first6=Andrew D. |last7=Akinwande |first7=Deji |date=2023-09-13 |title=Graphene Field Effect Biosensor for Concurrent and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.3c07707 |journal=ACS Nano |volume=17 |issue=18 |pages=18629–18640 |language=en |doi=10.1021/acsnano.3c07707 |pmid=37703454 |issn=1936-0851}}</ref> These capabilities allow for immediate disease detection especially in cases with overlapping symptoms which are hard to distinguish at the outset, thus allowing for better patient outcomes especially in resource strained medical settings.