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Economics
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=== International economics === {{Main|International economics}} [[File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2022 by IMF.png|thumb|List of countries by [[gross domestic product]] (PPP) per capita in April 2022]] International trade studies determinants of goods-and-services flows across international boundaries. It also concerns the size and distribution of [[gains from trade]]. Policy applications include estimating the effects of changing [[tariff]] rates and trade quotas. [[International finance]] is a macroeconomic field which examines the flow of capital across international borders, and the effects of these movements on [[exchange rate]]s. Increased trade in goods, services and capital between countries is a major effect of contemporary [[globalisation]].<ref>{{unbulleted list citebundle |1 = {{cite encyclopedia |last=Anderson |first=James E. |date=2008 |edition=2nd |editor-first1=Steven N. |editor-last1=Durlauf |editor-first2=Lawrence E. |editor-last2=Blume |chapter-url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000263 |doi=10.1057/9780230226203.0839 |dictionary=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=516β522 |isbn=978-0-333-78676-5 |chapter=International trade theory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |access-date=6 June 2008 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020033352/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000263 |url-status=live }} |2 = {{Cite journal |last=Venables |first=A. |date=2001 |title=International Trade: Economic Integration |journal=[[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences]] |pages=7843β7848 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02259-2 |isbn=978-0080430768 }} |3 = {{cite encyclopedia |last=Obstfeld |first=Maurice |date=2008 |edition=2nd |editor-first1=Steven N. |editor-last1=Durlauf |editor-first2=Lawrence E. |editor-last2=Blume |chapter-url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000169 |doi=10.1057/9780230226203.0828 |dictionary=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=439β451 |isbn=978-0-333-78676-5 |chapter=International finance |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |s2cid=219381371 |access-date=6 June 2008 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020032606/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000169 |url-status=live }} }}</ref>
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