Editing Enzyme (section)

== Industrial applications ==
{{main|Industrial enzymes}}

Enzymes are used in the [[chemical industry]] and other industrial applications when extremely specific catalysts are required. Enzymes in general are limited in the number of reactions they have evolved to catalyze and also by their lack of stability in [[organic solvent]]s and at high temperatures. As a consequence, [[protein engineering]] is an active area of research and involves attempts to create new enzymes with novel properties, either through rational design or ''in vitro'' evolution.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Renugopalakrishnan V, Garduño-Juárez R, Narasimhan G, Verma CS, Wei X, Li P | title = Rational design of thermally stable proteins: relevance to bionanotechnology | journal = Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 1759–1767 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16433409 | doi = 10.1166/jnn.2005.441 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hult K, Berglund P | title = Engineered enzymes for improved organic synthesis | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 395–400 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12943848 | doi = 10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00095-8 }}</ref> These efforts have begun to be successful, and a few enzymes have now been designed "from scratch" to catalyze reactions that do not occur in nature.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang L, Althoff EA, Clemente FR, Doyle L, Röthlisberger D, Zanghellini A, Gallaher JL, Betker JL, Tanaka F, Barbas CF, Hilvert D, Houk KN, Stoddard BL, Baker D | title = De novo computational design of retro-aldol enzymes | journal = Science | volume = 319 | issue = 5868 | pages = 1387–1391 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18323453 | pmc = 3431203 | doi = 10.1126/science.1152692 | bibcode = 2008Sci...319.1387J }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:24%; "|Application
! style="width:38%; "|Enzymes used
! style="width:38%; "|Uses
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="2"|'''[[Biofuel|Biofuel industry]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Cellulase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Break down cellulose into sugars that can be fermented to produce [[cellulosic ethanol]].<ref name="cheng">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun Y, Cheng J | title = Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review | journal = Bioresource Technology | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12058826 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7 | bibcode = 2002BiTec..83....1S }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Ligninase]]s
| Pretreatment of [[biomass]] for biofuel production.<ref name="cheng" />
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="2"| '''[[Biological detergent]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Protease]]s, [[amylase]]s, [[lipase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Remove protein, starch, and fat or oil stains from laundry and dishware.<ref name="Kirk">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kirk O, Borchert TV, Fuglsang CC | title = Industrial enzyme applications | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–351 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12323357 | doi = 10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00328-2 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Mannanase]]s
| Remove food stains from the common food additive [[guar gum]].<ref name="Kirk" />
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="4"| '''[[Brewing|Brewing industry]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Amylase]], [[glucanase]]s, [[protease]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Split polysaccharides and proteins in the [[malt]].<ref name="briggs">{{cite book | vauthors = Briggs DE | title = Malts and Malting | date = 1998 | publisher = Blackie Academic | location = London | isbn = 978-0412298004 | edition = 1st }}</ref>{{rp|150–9}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Betaglucanase]]s
| Improve the [[wort]] and beer filtration characteristics.<ref name="briggs" />{{rp|545}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Amyloglucosidase]] and [[pullulanase]]s
| Make low-calorie [[beer]] and adjust fermentability.<ref name="briggs" />{{rp|575}}
|- valign="top"
| [[Acetolactate decarboxylase]] (ALDC)
| Increase fermentation efficiency by reducing [[diacetyl]] formation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dulieu C, Moll M, Boudrant J, Poncelet D | title = Improved performances and control of beer fermentation using encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and modeling | journal = Biotechnology Progress | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 958–965 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11101321 | doi = 10.1021/bp000128k | s2cid = 25674881 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|'''[[Cooking|Culinary uses]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Papain]]
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Tenderizer|Tenderize]] meat for cooking.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tarté R | title = Ingredients in Meat Products Properties, Functionality and Applications | date = 2008 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-387-71327-4 | pages = 177 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="2"| '''[[Dairy|Dairy industry]]'''
| style = "border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Chymosin|Rennin]]
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Hydrolyze]] protein in the manufacture of [[cheese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/83.chymosin.html|access-date=1 March 2015|date=10 July 2010|title=Chymosin – GMO Database|work=GMO Compass|publisher=European Union|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326181805/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/83.chymosin.html|archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Lipase]]s
| Produce [[Camembert cheese]] and [[blue cheese]]s such as [[Roquefort]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Molimard P, Spinnler HE | title = Review: Compounds Involved in the Flavor of Surface Mold-Ripened Cheeses: Origins and Properties | journal = Journal of Dairy Science | date = February 1996 | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–184 | doi = 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76348-8| doi-access = free }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="4"| '''[[Food processing]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Amylase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Produce sugars from [[starch]], such as in making [[high-fructose corn syrup]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzmán-Maldonado H, Paredes-López O | title = Amylolytic enzymes and products derived from starch: a review | journal = Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 373–403 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 8573280 | doi = 10.1080/10408399509527706 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Protease]]s
| Lower the protein level of [[flour]], as in [[biscuit]]-making.<ref name="GMOdatabase" />
|- valign="top"
||[[Trypsin]]
|Manufacture [[hypoallergenic]] baby foods.<ref name="GMOdatabase">{{cite web | url = http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html | title = Protease – GMO Database | date = 10 July 2010 | work = GMO Compass | publisher = European Union | access-date = 28 February 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150224164346/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/enzymes/94.protease.html | archive-date = 24 February 2015}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| [[Cellulase]]s, [[pectinase]]s
| Clarify [[fruit juice]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alkorta I, Garbisu C, Llama MJ, Serra JL | title = Industrial applications of pectic enzymes: a review | journal = Process Biochemistry | date = January 1998 | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–28 | doi = 10.1016/S0032-9592(97)00046-0 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|'''[[Molecular biology]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Nuclease]]s, [[DNA ligase]] and [[polymerase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Use [[restriction enzyme|restriction digestion]] and the [[polymerase chain reaction]] to create [[recombinant DNA]].<ref name="Stryer_2002" />{{rp|6.2}}
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|'''[[Paper|Paper industry]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Xylanase]]s, [[hemicellulase]]s and [[lignin peroxidase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Remove [[lignin]] from [[kraft pulp]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bajpai P | title = Application of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry | journal = Biotechnology Progress | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–157 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10194388 | doi = 10.1021/bp990013k | s2cid = 26080240 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|'''[[Personal care]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|[[Protease]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"|Remove proteins on [[contact lens]]es to prevent infections.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Begley CG, Paragina S, Sporn A | title = An analysis of contact lens enzyme cleaners | journal = Journal of the American Optometric Association | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 190–194 | date = March 1990 | pmid = 2186082 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;" rowspan="1"| '''[[Starch|Starch industry]]'''
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"| [[Amylase]]s
| style="border-top:solid 3px #aaa;"| Convert [[starch]] into [[glucose]] and various [[Inverted sugar syrup|syrups]].<ref>{{cite book | veditors = BeMiller JN, Whistler RL | title = Starch Chemistry and Technology | date = 2009 | publisher = Academic | location = London | isbn = 9780080926551 | edition= 3rd | vauthors = Farris PL | chapter = Economic Growth and Organization of the U.S. Starch Industry }}</ref>
|}