Editing Extremes on Earth (section)

===Ground temperatures===
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1|title=Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth|year=2011|last1=Running|first1=Steven W.|last2=Zhao|first2=Maosheng|last3=Mildrexler|first3=David J.|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=92|issue=7|pages=855–860|bibcode=2011BAMS...92..855M|doi-access=free}}</ref> A ground temperature of 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) has been recorded in [[Port Sudan]], [[Sudan]].<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|1139500244}}.</ref> A ground temperature of 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) was recorded in [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[California]], United States on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.<ref>A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}.</ref>

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which was recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.<ref name=running2011 />

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref>