Editing Fuel cell (section)

==Markets and economics==
{{Main|Hydrogen economy|Methanol economy}}
In 2012, fuel cell industry revenues exceeded $1 billion market value worldwide, with Asian pacific countries shipping more than 3/4 of the fuel cell systems worldwide.<ref>[http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/navigant-20130812-1.html "Navigant: fuel cell industry passed $1-billion revenue mark in 2012"], Green Car Congress, 12 August 2013</ref> However, as of January 2014, no public company in the industry had yet become profitable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Plug, FuelCell Climb as 'Experiments' Seen as Profitable|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-10/fuelcell-plug-surge-as-experiments-may-turn-profits|website = Bloomberg.com|date=10 March 2014|access-date = 28 December 2015|first = Christopher|last = Martin}}</ref> There were 140,000 fuel cell stacks shipped globally in 2010, up from 11,000 shipments in 2007, and from 2011 to 2012 worldwide fuel cell shipments had an annual growth rate of 85%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmh.com/article/fuel_cell_report_highlights_continued_growth_in_material_handling_applicati|title=Fuel cell report highlights continued growth in material handling applications|date=20 November 2013}}</ref> [[Tanaka Kikinzoku]] expanded its manufacturing facilities in 2011.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/news-events/news-archive/2013/february/tanaka-precious-metals-constructs-dedicated-plant-for-the-development-and-manufacture-of-fuel-cell-catalysts "Tanaka precious metals constructs dedicated plant for the development and manufacture of fuel cell catalysts"], FuelCellToday.com, 26 February 2013, accessed 16 November 2013</ref> Approximately 50% of fuel cell shipments in 2010 were stationary fuel cells, up from about a third in 2009, and the four dominant producers in the Fuel Cell Industry were the United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea.<ref name=uploads>Adamson, Karry-Ann and Clint Wheelock. [http://www.pikeresearch.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FCAR-11-Executive-Summary.pdf "Fuel Cell Annual Report 2011"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017135343/http://www.pikeresearch.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FCAR-11-Executive-Summary.pdf |date=17 October 2011 }}. 2Q 2011, Pike Research, accessed 1 August 2011</ref> The Department of Energy Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance found that, as of January 2011, stationary fuel cells generated power at approximately $724 to $775 per kilowatt installed.<ref>[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelcells_seca.html "Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance SECA Cost Reduction"]. U.S. Dept. of Energy, 31 January 2011, accessed 1 August 2011</ref> In 2011, Bloom Energy, a major fuel cell supplier, said that its fuel cells generated power at 9–11 cents per kilowatt-hour, including the price of fuel, maintenance, and hardware.<ref>[http://bloomenergy.com/benefits/lower-fix-energy-costs/ "Lower & Lock-In Energy Costs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803184841/http://www.bloomenergy.com/benefits/lower-fix-energy-costs/ |date=3 August 2011 }}, Bloom Energy, accessed 3 August 2011</ref><ref>Wesoff, Eric. [https://www.wired.com/epicenter/tag/bloom-energy/ "Bloom Energy Plays the Subsidy Game Like a Pro", 13 April 2011, accessed 1 August 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411145505/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/tag/bloom-energy/ |date=11 April 2012 }}</ref>

Industry groups predict that there are sufficient platinum resources for future demand,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipa-news.com/pgm/faq/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419220753/http://www.ipa-news.com/pgm/faq/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=International Platinum Group Metals Association-FAQ|archive-date=19 April 2011}}</ref> and in 2007, research at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] suggested that platinum could be replaced by a gold-[[palladium]] coating, which may be less susceptible to poisoning and thereby improve fuel cell lifetime.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Gold is key to ending platinum dissolution in fuel cells | publisher = EETimes.com | date = 22 January 2007 | first = R. Colin | last = Johnson | url = http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196901214 | access-date = 2007-05-27 | archive-date = 15 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715063332/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196901214 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Another method would use iron and sulphur instead of platinum. This would lower the cost of a fuel cell (as the platinum in a regular fuel cell costs around {{USD|1,500}}, and the same amount of iron costs only around {{USD|1.50}}). The concept was being developed by a coalition of the [[John Innes Centre]] and the [[University of Milan-Bicocca]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/news/83/i07/8307notw8.html?|title=C&EN: Latest News - Iron-Sulfur Core Assembled|website=pubsapp.acs.org}}</ref> [[PEDOT]] cathodes are immune to [[carbon monoxide]] poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2008/07/fuel-cell-improvements-raise-hopes-for-clean-cheap-energy.ars|title=Fuel cell improvements raise hopes for clean, cheap energy |last=Timmer |first=John |website=Ars Technica |date=Aug 1, 2008 |access-date=Nov 1, 2024}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Samsung]] "decided to drop fuel cell-related business projects, as the outlook of the market isn't good".<ref>Yoo-chul, Kim. [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2016/04/133_202485.html "Samsung to drop fuel cell business"], ''Korea Times'', 12 April 2016</ref>