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Goal setting
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===Self efficacy=== An important addition to goal setting theory was the incorporation of self-efficacy from Bandura's [[social cognitive theory]]. Broadly defined as task specific self-confidence, goal setting theory incorporates self-efficacy in the following ways: # People with higher self-efficacy set harder goals which as per the terms of the theory lead to higher motivation and task performance # People with higher self-efficacy are more committed to the goals they have set and in turn more likely to achieve them. # People with higher self-efficacy are more likely to respond positively to negative feedback and use it productively rather than be discouraged. # Appropriately challenging leader assigned goals and communicating these powerfully can increase follower self-efficacy as they directly imply that the leader has confidence in the employees' ability to achieve them. # Leaders can also increase follower self-efficacy, and in turn goal commitment and task performance, by providing quality training and either modeling task performance themselves or providing appropriate performance models.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Locke|first1=Edwin A.|last2=Latham|first2=Gary P.|date=September 2002|title=Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705|journal=American Psychologist|language=en|volume=57|issue=9|pages=708|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705|pmid=12237980|s2cid=17534210 |issn=1935-990X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Self-efficacy levels can also influence how people react to not meeting specific challenging goals. People with high self-efficacy redouble their efforts whereas people with low self-efficacy expend less effort and coast along. Goal achievement also interacts with self-efficacy and goal achievement does not necessarily lead to increased efforts as after meeting challenging goals some can be reluctant to expend a similar level of effort again and will settle for the goal they have.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bandura|first1=Albert|last2=Cervone|first2=Daniel|date=1986-08-01|title=Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation|journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=92β113|doi=10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2|s2cid=3775458 |issn=0749-5978|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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