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Infant formula
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=== Recent and future potential new ingredients === ==== Probiotics ==== Randomized, controlled trials completed in the 2000s have shown limited and short term clinical benefits for the use of [[probiotics]] in infants' diet.<ref name="probiotics">Carvalho, R.S., Michail, S., Ashai-Khan, F., Mezoff, A.G. (2008). An Update on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: A Review of Some Recent Advances. ''Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care,'' 204–228.</ref> A 2018 clinical study using the multistrain [[De Simone Formulation]] probiotic showed it helped some infants reduce symptoms of infant colic.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=5852771 | year=2018 | last1=Baldassarre | first1=M. E. | last2=Di Mauro | first2=A. | last3=Tafuri | first3=S. | last4=Rizzo | first4=V. | last5=Gallone | first5=M. S. | last6=Mastromarino | first6=P. | last7=Capobianco | first7=D. | last8=Laghi | first8=L. | last9=Zhu | first9=C. | last10=Capozza | first10=M. | last11=Laforgia | first11=N. | title=Effectiveness and Safety of a Probiotic-Mixture for the Treatment of Infantile Colic: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial with Fecal Real-Time PCR and NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis | journal=Nutrients | volume=10 | issue=2 | page=195 | doi=10.3390/nu10020195 | pmid=29439395 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The safety of probiotics in general and in infants, especially preterm infants, has been investigated in a limited number of controlled trials. The findings thus far suggest probiotics are generally safe, though the research is preliminary and has yet to provide definitive conclusions.<ref name="probiotics"/> ==== Prebiotics ==== [[Prebiotic (nutrition)|Prebiotics]] are undigestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. Human milk contains a variety of oligosaccharides believed to be an important factor in the pattern of microflora colonization of breastfed infants. Because of variety, variability, complexity and polymorphism of the oligosaccharide composition and structure, it is currently not feasible to reproduce the oligosaccharide components of human milk in a strictly structural fashion.<ref name="prebiotic">International Assassination of Infant Food Manufacturers,[http://www.ifm.net/industry/prebiotics.htm “Prebiotics in Infant Nutrition”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107145212/http://www.ifm.net/industry/prebiotics.htm |date=January 7, 2010 }}, November 9, 2009</ref> The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition found evidence to support short term effects of ingesting prebiotics on stool microflora of infants with increased in the number of bifidobacteria. Babies can be at risk of dehydration with the induction of softer stools, if they have the kidney immaturity and/or a poor ability to concentrate urine.<ref name="prebiotic"/> A reduction of pathogens has been associated with the consumption of prebiotics.<ref name="prebiotic"/> However, there was no evidence to support major clinical or long-term benefits.<ref name="probiotics"/> Therefore, there is little evidence of beneficial effects of prebiotics in dietary products.<ref name="probiotics"/> ==== Lysozyme and lactoferrin ==== [[Lysozyme]] is an enzyme that is responsible for protecting the body by damaging bacterial cell walls. [[Lactoferrin]] is a globular, multifunctional protein that has antimicrobial activity. Compared to human milk, cow's milk has a signifactly lower levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin; therefore, the industry has an increasing interest in adding them into infant formulas.<ref name=name/> ====Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation==== Some manufacturers have begun supplementing formula milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The current evidence suggests that there may be little or no difference between formula milk with and without LCPUFA supplementation in terms of babies' visual function, physical growth or neurodevelopment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jasani B, Simmer K, Patole SK, Rao SC | title = Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 3 | pages = CD000376 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28281303 | pmc = 6464574 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000376.pub4 }}</ref>
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