Editing Packet switching (section)

===X.25 era===
{{See also|Public data network}}
[[File:CCITT SGVII X25 Advocates.jpg|thumb|CCITT SGVII X25 Advocates]]
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as [[DATAPAC]] and [[Transpac (data network)|TRANSPAC]] were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide an X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by [[Bell-Northern Research]] which was a joint venture of [[Bell Canada]] (a common carrier) and [[Northern Telecom]] (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the [[Deutsche Bundespost]]. [[X.75]] and [[X.121]] allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks.

====AUSTPAC====
[[AUSTPAC]] was an Australian public X.25 network operated by [[Telstra]]. Established by Telstra's predecessor Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network and supported applications such as on-line betting, financial applications—the [[Australian Tax Office]] made use of AUSTPAC—and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access was via a dial-up terminal to a [[Packet Assembler/Disassembler|PAD]], or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.<ref name="Andrew Colley">{{cite web | url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/telstra-drops-austpac-reaches-for-finance-market/ | title=Telstra drops Austpac; reaches for finance market | date=28 January 2004 | access-date=21 December 2018 | author= Andrew Colley| website=[[ZDNet]] }}</ref>

====ConnNet====
[[ConnNet]] was a network operated by the [[Southern New England Telephone Company]] serving the state of Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ufUXLhZHLoC&q=ConnEct+was+a+packet-switched+data+network+operated+by+the+Southern+New+England+Telephone+Company+serving+the+state+of+Connecticut&pg=PA40|title=Straight To The Point - Networking|last=Maidasani|first=Dinesh|date=June 2009|publisher=Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited|isbn=9788131805299}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Christopher A. |title=Technology for Disabled Persons: Conference Papers, Discovery '84, October 1-3, 1984, Chicago, Illinois |date=1985 |publisher=Materials Development Center, Stout Vocational Rehabilitation Institute, University of Wisconsin-Stout |isbn=978-0-916671-61-7 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx7uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Launched on March 11, 1985, it was the first local public packet-switched network in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rucker|first1=Chauncy N.|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED286327|title=Establishing a Computer Network for Connecticut|last2=And Others|date=1985|language=en}}</ref>

====Datanet 1====
Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as [[KPN]]). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via [[leased line]]s (using the [[X.121]] DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public [[Packet Assembler/Disassembler|PAD]] service ''Telepad'' (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main [[Videotex]] service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well.<ref name="dn1descr">{{cite web|first=H.J.|last=Steneker|url=http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra1/afstversl/E/354398.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra1/afstversl/E/354398.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|title=Graduation Report on X.25 data services in GSM network|website=Electrical Engineering - [[Eindhoven University of Technology|TUE]]|date=16 May 1991|page=20|access-date=15 June 2011}}</ref>

====DATAPAC====
[[DATAPAC]] was the first operational X.25 network (1976).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rybczynski |first=Tony |date=11 December 2009 |title=Commercialization of packet switching (1975-1985): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications] |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5350364 |magazine=IEEE Communications Magazine  |access-date=12 January 2022|doi=10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364|volume=47|issue=12|pages=26–31 }}</ref> It covered major Canadian cities and was eventually extended to smaller centers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

====Datex-P====
Deutsche Bundespost operated the '''Datex-P''' national network in Germany. The technology was acquired from Northern Telecom.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parodi|first=Roberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxixcg3JSbwC&q=packet+switching+The+technology+was+acquired+from+Northern+Telecom&pg=RA1-PA539|title=Towards a New World in Computer Communication: Eleventh International Conference on Computer Communication, Genova, Italy, 1992 : Proceedings of the Conference|date=1992|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-90-5199-110-9|language=en}}</ref>

==== Eirpac ====
[[Eirpac]] is the Irish public switched data network supporting X.25 and [[X.28]]. It was launched in 1984, replacing Euronet. Eirpac is run by [[Eircom]].<ref>{{cite book
|title=Telecommunications Directory
|year=2000
|publisher=Gale Research
|isbn=978-0-7876-3352-3
|page=593
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author=Gareth Locksley
|title=The Single European Market and the Information and Communication Technologies
|year=1990
|publisher=Belhaven Press
|isbn=978-1-85293-101-8
|page=194
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5da04a364653d0053b353082
|title=Eircom Plc and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Mr Mark Henry and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Eircom Plc and the Department of Finance and Eircom Plc and Office of the Revenue Commissioners. {{!}} [2000] IEIC 98114 {{!}} Irish Information Commissioner {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine
|access-date=2022-06-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621224408/https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5da04a364653d0053b353082
|archive-date=2022-06-21
|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Euronet====
Nine member states of the [[European Economic Community]] contracted with [[Logica]] and the French company SESA to set up a joint venture in 1975 to undertake the ''Euronet'' development, using X.25 protocols to form virtual circuits. It was to replace EIN and established a network in 1979 linking a number of European countries until 1984 when the network was handed over to national PTTs.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origins, development and future of the Euronet|date=1977-12-31|publisher=Emeraldinsight.com|doi=10.1108/eb046759|last1 = Dunning|first1 = A.J.|journal = Program|volume = 11|issue = 4|pages = 145–155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kerssens|first=Niels|title=Rethinking legacies in internet history: Euronet, lost (inter)networks, EU politics|journal=Internet Histories|pages=32–48|doi=10.1080/24701475.2019.1701919|issn=2470-1475|year=2020|volume=4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====HIPA-NET====
[[Hitachi]] designed a private network system for sale as a turnkey package to multi-national organizations.{{when|date=July 2022}} In addition to providing X.25 packet switching, message switching software was also included. Messages were buffered at the nodes adjacent to the sending and receiving terminals. Switched virtual calls were not supported, but through the use of ''logical ports'' an originating terminal could have a menu of pre-defined destination terminals.<ref>{{cite conference |first= K. |last= Tomaru |author2= T. Kato |author3= S.I. Yamaguchi |title= A Private Packet Network and Its Application in A Worldwide Integrated Communication Network |book-title= Proceedings of ICCC '80 |pages= 517–22 |year= 1980 |url= http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/HIPA/HIA.html |conference=  |access-date= 2013-08-30 |archive-date= 2013-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020142157/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/HIPA/HIA.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

====Iberpac====
[[Iberpac]] is the Spanish public packet-switched network, providing X.25 services. It was based on RETD which was operational since 1972. Iberpac was run by [[Telefonica]].<ref>{{Citation|title=El Desarrollo de la Red Publica de Datos en Espana (1971-1991): Un Caso de Avance Technologico en Condiciones Adversas|last=Infante|first=Jorge|url=http://www.coit.es/foro/pub/ficheros/infante_fd0e6980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405211910/http://www.coit.es/foro/pub/ficheros/infante_fd0e6980.pdf|archive-date=2010-04-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====IPSS====
In 1978, X.25 provided the first international and commercial packet-switching network, the [[International Packet Switched Service]] (IPSS).

====JANET====
[[JANET]] was the UK academic and research network, linking all universities, higher education establishments, and publicly funded research laboratories following its launch in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=1984-2014: 30 years of the Janet network|url=https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/janet-news-24-pull-out-april-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/janet-news-24-pull-out-april-2014.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|publisher=Disc|access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref> The X.25 network, which used the [[Coloured Book protocols]], was based mainly on [[GEC 4000 series]] switches, and ran X.25 links at up to {{nowrap|8 Mbit/s}} in its final phase before being converted to an IP-based network in 1991. The JANET network grew out of the 1970s SRCnet, later called SERCnet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wells|first=Mike|date=1988-11-01|title=JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network|journal=Serials|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=28–36|doi=10.1629/010328|issn=1475-3308|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====PSS====
[[Packet Switch Stream]] (PSS) was the [[Post Office Telecommunications]] (later to become [[British Telecom]]) national X.25 network with a [[data network identification code|DNIC]] of 2342. British Telecom renamed PSS Global Network Service (GNS), but the PSS name has remained better known. PSS also included public dial-up PAD access, and various InterStream gateways to other services such as Telex.

==== REXPAC ====
REXPAC was the nationwide experimental packet switching data network in Brazil, developed by the research and development center of [[Telebrás]], the state-owned public telecommunications provider.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=REXPAC-A Brazilian Packet Switching Data Network |url=http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/REXP/REX.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609193539/http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/REXP/REX.html |archive-date=2017-06-09 }}</ref>

====SITA Data Transport Network====
[[SITA (IT company)|SITA]] is a consortium of airlines. Its Data Transport Network adopted X.25 in 1981, becoming the world's most extensive packet-switching network.<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=SITA History |url=http://www.sita.aero/about-sita/what-we-do/sita-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819091302/http://www.sita.aero/about-sita/what-we-do/sita-history |archive-date=19 August 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2012 |work=About SITA > What we do |publisher=SITA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Rybczynski |first=Tony |date=2009 |title=Commercialization of packet switching (1975–1985): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications] |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364 |s2cid=23243636}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Airline Control System |website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OEYR6Y0X}}</ref> As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it.

====TRANSPAC====
[[Transpac (data network)|TRANSPAC]] was the national X.25 network in France.<ref name="Transpac paper">{{citation |language=en | title=X.25 Virtual Circuits - TRANSPAC in France - Pre-Internet Data Networking | doi=10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965 | s2cid=23639680}}</ref> It was developed locally at about the same time as DATAPAC in Canada. The development was done by the French PTT and influenced by its preceding expreimental network[[Packet switching#RCP|RCP]].<ref name="Transpac choices">{{cite web|language=en|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/v43kuy5xwasg2l7/ISS%2076%20-%20Discussion%20of%20Technical%20Choices%20made%20for%20Transpac.pdf?dl=0|title=Discussion of Technical Choices made for TRANSPAC}}</ref> It began operation in 1978, and served commercial users and, after [[Minitel]] began, consumers.<ref name="epstein19860309">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/magazine/et-voila-le-minitel.html?pagewanted=all |title=Et Voila! Le Minitel |last=Epstein |first=Nadine |date=1986-03-09 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

====Tymnet====
[[Tymnet]] utilized virtual call packet switched technology including X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated [[asynchronous serial]] connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways.<ref>{{cite conference |last=TYMES |first=LA ROY W. |title=TYMNET &mdash; A terminal oriented communication network |url=http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/TYMNET/TY.html |conference= |volume=38 |pages=211–16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509125506/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/TYMNET/TY.html |archive-date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2013-08-30 |book-title=Proceedings of the SJCC 1971 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=TYMES |first=LA ROY W. |date=April 1981 |title=Routing and Flow Control in TYMNET |url=http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/TYMFlow/TF.html |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |volume=COM-29 |issue=4 |pages=392–98 |doi=10.1109/tcom.1981.1095020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020140315/http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/TYMFlow/TF.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-08-30|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== UNINETT ====
UNINETT was a wide-area Norwegian packet-switched network established through a joint effort between Norwegian universities, research institutions and the Norwegian Telecommunication administration. The original network was based on X.25; Internet protocols were adopted later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=UNINETT Packet Switched Network Connecting Universities and Research Institutes in Norway |url=http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/UNINTT/UNI.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609203023/http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/UNINTT/UNI.html |archive-date=2017-06-09 }}</ref>

====VENUS-P====
VENUS-P was an international X.25 network that operated from April 1982 through March 2006. At its subscription peak in 1999, VENUS-P connected 207 networks in 87 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kddi.com/english/corporate/news_release/2005/1109/|title=KDDI to Close VENUS-P International Public Data Communications Service|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904020803/http://www.kddi.com/english/corporate/news_release/2005/1109/|archive-date=2013-09-04|website=KDDI|date=9 November 2005|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>

====XNS====
[[Xerox Network Systems]] (XNS) was a [[protocol suite]] promulgated by [[Xerox]], which provided [[routing]] and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a [[reliable stream]], and [[remote procedure call]]s. It was developed from [[PARC Universal Packet]] (PUP).<ref>{{cite web |year=1981 |title=Xerox System Integration Standard - Internet Transport Protocols |url=http://code.msgilligan.com/2012/07/xerox-system-integration-standard.html |website=Xerox |location=Stamford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=AIX Version 4.3 Communications Programming Concepts |date=October 1997 |website=International Business Machines |chapter=Chapter 12: Xerox Network Systems |chapter-url=http://ics.upjs.sk/~novotnyr/home/programovanie/c/books/cpc/ch12_xns.htm}}</ref>