Editing Parallel computing (section)

==Biological brain as massively parallel computer==

In the early 1970s, at the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]], [[Marvin Minsky]] and [[Seymour Papert]] started developing the ''[[Society of Mind]]'' theory, which views the biological brain as [[Massively parallel|massively parallel computer]]. In 1986, Minsky published ''The Society of Mind'', which claims that "mind is formed from many little agents, each mindless by itself".<ref>{{cite book|last=Minsky|first=Marvin|title=The Society of Mind|date=1986|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-60740-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/societyofmind00marv/page/17 17]|url=https://archive.org/details/societyofmind00marv/page/17}}</ref> The theory attempts to explain how what we call intelligence could be a product of the interaction of non-intelligent parts. Minsky says that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a video camera, and a computer to build with children's blocks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Minsky|first=Marvin|title=The Society of Mind|date=1986|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-60740-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/societyofmind00marv/page/29 29]|url=https://archive.org/details/societyofmind00marv/page/29}}</ref>

Similar models (which also view the biological brain as a massively parallel computer, i.e., the brain is made up of a constellation of independent or semi-independent agents) were also described by:
* Thomas R. Blakeslee,<ref>{{cite book |last=Blakeslee |first=Thomas |date=1996 |title=Beyond the Conscious Mind. Unlocking the Secrets of the Self |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondconsciousm00blak |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/beyondconsciousm00blak/page/6 6–7]|publisher=Springer |isbn=9780306452628 }}</ref>
* [[Michael Gazzaniga|Michael S. Gazzaniga]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gazzaniga |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael S. Gazzaniga |last2=LeDoux |first2=Joseph |author-link2=Joseph E. LeDoux |date=1978 |title=The Integrated Mind |pages=132–161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gazzaniga |first=Michael |author-link=Michael S. Gazzaniga |date=1985 |title=The Social Brain. Discovering the Networks of the Mind |url=https://archive.org/details/socialbraindisco0000gazz |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialbraindisco0000gazz/page/77 77–79]|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465078509 }}</ref>
* [[Robert E. Ornstein]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Ornstein |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Ornstein |date=1992 |title=Evolution of Consciousness: The Origins of the Way We Think |url= https://archive.org/details/evolutionofconsc0000orns |url-access= registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofconsc0000orns/page/2 2]}}</ref>
* [[Ernest Hilgard]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hilgard|first=Ernest|title=Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action.|author-link=Ernest Hilgard|date=1977|publisher= Wiley|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-39602-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hilgard|first=Ernest|title=Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action (expanded edition).|author-link=Ernest Hilgard|date=1986|publisher= Wiley|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-80572-4}}</ref>
* [[Michio Kaku]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaku |first=Michio |author-link=Michio Kaku |date=2014 |title=The Future of the Mind|title-link=The Future of the Mind }}</ref>
* [[George Gurdjieff|George Ivanovich Gurdjieff]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ouspenskii |first= Pyotr |author-link=Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii |date=1992 |title=In Search of the Miraculous. Fragments of an Unknown Teaching |pages=72–83 |chapter=Chapter 3}}</ref>
* Neurocluster Brain Model.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neuroclusterbrain.com |title=Official Neurocluster Brain Model site |access-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref>