Editing Symbolic artificial intelligence (section)

=== Current views ===
Each approach—symbolic, connectionist, and behavior-based—has advantages, but has been criticized by the other approaches. Symbolic AI has been criticized as disembodied, liable to the qualification problem, and poor in handling the perceptual problems where deep learning excels. In turn, [[Connectionism|connectionist AI]] has been criticized as poorly suited for deliberative step-by-step problem solving, incorporating knowledge, and handling planning. Finally, Nouvelle AI excels in reactive and real-world robotics domains but has been criticized for difficulties in incorporating learning and knowledge.

[[Hybrid intelligent system|Hybrid AIs]] incorporating one or more of these approaches are currently viewed as the path forward.{{sfn|Kautz|2020}}{{sfn|Rossi|2022}}{{sfn|Selman|2022}} Russell and Norvig conclude that:<blockquote>Overall, [[Hubert Dreyfus|Dreyfus]] saw areas where AI did not have complete answers and said that Al is therefore impossible; we now see many of these same areas undergoing continued research and development leading to increased capability, not impossibility.{{sfn|Russell |Norvig|2021|p=982}}</blockquote>