Editing Tobacco (section)

==Influence==

===Social===
Smoking in public was, for a long time, reserved for men, and smoking by women was sometimes associated with [[promiscuity]]; in Japan, during the [[Edo period]], prostitutes and their clients often approached one another under the guise of offering a smoke. The same was true in 19th-century Europe.{{sfn|Gilman|Zhou|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mM5bYb_uVcwC&pg=PA92 92–99]}}

Following the [[American Civil War]], the use of tobacco, primarily in cigars, became associated with [[masculinity]] and power. Modern tobacco use has often been stigmatized; this has spawned quitting associations and antismoking campaigns.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durkin |first1=Sarah |last2=Brennan |first2=Emily |last3=Wakefield |first3=Melanie |author-link3=Melanie Wakefield |year=2012 |title=Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review |url=http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/21/2/127.full.pdf |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=127–138 |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050345 |pmid=22345235 |s2cid=3053297|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mullin Sandra |year=2011 |title=Global anti-smoking campaigns urgently needed |journal=The Lancet |volume=378 |issue=9795 |pages=970–971 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61058-1 |pmid=21741699 |s2cid=7532790}}</ref> [[Bhutan]] is the only country in the world where tobacco sales are illegal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/01/the-first-nonsmoking-nation.html |title=The First Nonsmoking Nation |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate.com]] |first=Eric |last=Weiner |date=January 20, 2005 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> Due to its propensity for causing [[detumescence]] and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described tobacco as an anaphrodisiacal substance.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=28723353 |year=2015 |last1=Verze |first1=P. |title=The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review |journal=European Urology Focus |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |last2=Margreiter |first2=M. |last3=Esposito |first3=K. |last4=Montorsi |first4=P. |last5=Mulhall |first5=J. |doi=10.1016/j.euf.2015.01.003}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Further|Religious views on smoking}}
====Christianity====
In [[Christian denomination]]s of the [[conservative holiness movement]], such as the [[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]] and [[Evangelical Wesleyan Church]], the use of tobacco and other drugs is prohibited;<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|year=2014|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|37}} ¶42 of the 2014 [[Book of Discipline (United Methodist)|Book of Discipline]] of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection states:<ref name="AWMC2014" />{{page needed|date=March 2021}}
{{quotation|In the judgment of The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference), the use of tobacco is a great evil, unbecoming a Christian, a waste of the Lord's money, and a defilement of the body, which should be the temple of the Holy Ghost. We do, therefore, most earnestly require our members to refrain from its cultivation, manufacture, and sale, and to abstain from its use in all forms, for Jesus' sake. We will not receive as members into our churches nor will we ordain or license to preach or to exhort, persons who use, cultivate, manufacture, or sell tobacco. Using tobacco by a member of a church or of the Conference after being received from this date (June 28, 1927) is a violation of the law of the church, and the offending party should be dealt with according to the judiciary rules.<ref name="AWMC2014" />{{rp|44}}}}
Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (popularly known as [[Mormons]]) adhere to the [[Word of Wisdom]], a religious health code that is interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of tobacco as well as [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], coffee, and tea.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stack |first=Peggy Fletcher |author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack |date=August 31, 2012 |title=It's Official: Coke and Pepsi are OK for Mormons |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |agency=([[Religion News Service]]) |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-08-31/national/35492011_1_drink-caffeine-lds-leaders-mormons |url-status=dead |access-date=September 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327204542/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-08-31/national/35492011_1_drink-caffeine-lds-leaders-mormons |archive-date=March 27, 2013}}.</ref>

====Islam====
{{Main|Islamic views on tobacco}}
Most Islamic scholars have condemned tobacco due to its harmful effects on health. The earliest [[fatwa]] (religious opinion) against tobacco use dates from 1602. Most major Islamic sects prohibit its use. While tobacco is not mentioned in the Quran, the Quran does instruct Muslims to live healthy lives.

====Sikhism====
{{Further|Prohibitions in Sikhism}}
[[Sikhism]], a Dharmic religion from India, considers tobacco consumption as a taboo and very bad for health and spirituality. Initiated [[Sikhs]] are never to consume tobacco in any form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhillon|first=Bikramjit Singh|date=n.d.|title=Sikhs and Smoking|url=https://www.sikhs.org/art9.htm}}</ref>

===Demographic===
{{Main|Prevalence of tobacco consumption}}

Research on tobacco use is limited mainly to smoking, which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption. An estimated 1.1&nbsp;billion people, and up to one-third of the adult population, use tobacco in some form.{{sfn|Gilman|Zhou|2004|p=26}} Smoking is more prevalent among men<ref name="HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16">"[[#HNPGuindonBoisclair|Guindon & Boisclair]]" 2004, pp. 13–16.</ref> (however, the gender gap declines with age),{{sfn|Samet & Yoon|2001|p=5-6}}{{sfn|Surgeon General's Report Women and Smoking|2001|p=47}} the poor, and in transitional or [[developing countries]].<ref name="WHOTobaccoFactSheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/exeres/978BE0FD-AE30-46C6-8F75-1F40AE7B57BC.htm|title=WHO/WPRO-Tobacco|access-date=January 1, 2009|year=2005|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211215317/http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/exeres/978BE0FD-AE30-46C6-8F75-1F40AE7B57BC.htm|archive-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> A study published in [[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] found that in 2019 approximately one in four youths (23.0%) in the U.S. had used a tobacco product during the past 30 days. This represented approximately three in 10 high school students (31.2%) and approximately one in eight middle school students (12.5%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Teresa W. |last2=Gentzke |first2=Andrea S. |last3=Creamer |first3=MeLisa R. |last4=Cullen |first4=Karen A. |last5=Holder-Hayes |first5=Enver |last6=Sawdey |first6=Michael D. |last7=Anic |first7=Gabriella M. |last8=Portnoy |first8=David B. |last9=Hu |first9=Sean |last10=Homa |first10=David M. |last11=Jamal |first11=Ahmed |last12=Neff |first12=Linda J. |title=Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2019 |journal=MMWR. Surveillance Summaries |date=6 November 2019 |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6812a1 |pmid=31805035 |pmc=6903396 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Rates of smoking continue to rise in developing countries, but have leveled off or declined in [[developed countries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/ |title=Who Fact Sheet: Tobacco |publisher=Who.int |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref> Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig |title=Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – United States, 2006 |publisher=Cdc.gov |access-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref> In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_20020528/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826030927/http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_20020528/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |title=WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics |publisher=Wpro.who.int |date=May 27, 2002 |access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>

===Health effects===
{{Main|Health effects of tobacco|List of cigarette smoke carcinogens|Tobacco packaging warning messages|List of additives in cigarettes}}
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 [[DrugScience]] study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Tobacco was found to be the sixth overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Deaths from tobacco, alcohol and drugs, OWID.svg|thumb|Deaths from tobacco, alcohol and drugs]]
[[File:Adverse effects of tobacco smoking.svg|thumb|Common adverse effects of tobacco smoking]]

====Chemicals====
Tobacco smoking harms health because of the toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke, including [[carbon monoxide]], [[cyanide]], and [[carcinogens]], which have been proven to cause heart and lung diseases and cancer.
Thousands of different substances in cigarette smoke, including [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (such as [[benzopyrene]]), [[formaldehyde]], [[cadmium]], [[nickel]], [[arsenic]], [[tobacco-specific nitrosamines]], and [[phenols]] contribute to the harmful effects of smoking.<ref name="tobaccocontrol.bmj.com">{{cite journal|author=Proctor Robert N|year=2012|title=The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll|url=http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/21/2/87.full.pdf|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=21|issue=2|pages=87–91|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338|pmid=22345227|s2cid=2734836|doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to the World Health Organization, tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.<ref name="who 2008 mpower"/> WHO estimates that tobacco caused 5.4&nbsp;million deaths in 2004<ref name="WHO 2004">{{Cite book |last1=Mathers |first1=Colin |author-link=Colin Mathers |last2=Boerma |first2=Ties |last3=Fat |first3=Doris Ma |date=2008 |title=The Global Burden of Disease : 2004 Update |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207114854/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43942/9789241563710_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2022 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |hdl=10665/43942 |isbn=978-92-4-156371-0 |oclc=264018380}}</ref> and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.<ref name="who 2008 mpower"/> Similarly, the United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] describe tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."<ref name="fn1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm |title=Nicotine: A Powerful Addiction |work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226225821/http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/you_can_quit/nicotine.htm |archive-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref> Due to these health consequences, it is estimated that a 10 hectare (approximately 24.7 acre) field of tobacco used for cigarettes causes 30 deaths per year – 10 from lung cancer and 20 from cigarette-induced diseases like cardiac arrest, gangrene, bladder cancer, mouth cancer, etc.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Robert N |title=The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll: Table 1 |journal=Tobacco Control |date=March 2012 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338 |pmid=22345227 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The harms caused by inhaling tobacco smoke include diseases of the [[heart]] and [[lung]]s, with smoking being a major risk factor for [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]], [[stroke]]s, [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (emphysema), and [[cancer]] (particularly cancers of the [[Lung cancer|lungs]], [[Cancer of the larynx|larynx, mouth]], and [[pancreatic cancers|pancreas]]). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke.

Inhaling secondhand tobacco smoke (which has been exhaled by a smoker) can cause lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. In the United States, about 3,000 adults die each year due to lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Heart disease caused by secondhand smoke kills around 46,000 nonsmokers every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondhand Smoke |url=http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/secondhand-smoke/index.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920231625/http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/secondhand-smoke/index.html |archive-date=September 20, 2014 |website=BeTobaccoFree |publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services]]}}</ref>

In children, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is associated with a higher incidence and severity of respiratory illnesses, middle ear disease, and asthma attacks.  Each year in the United States, secondhand smoke exposure causes 24,500 infants to be born with low birthweight, 71,900 preterm births, 202,300 episodes of asthma, and 790,000 health care visits for ear infections.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hk6960q |title=Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant |last=Air Resources Board |date=June 24, 2005 |publisher=[[California Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127163329/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8hk6960q/qt8hk6960q.pdf?t=krnni4 |archive-date=November 27, 2021}}</ref>

The addictive alkaloid [[nicotine]] is a [[stimulant]], and popularly known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. In drug effect preference questionnaires, a rough indicator of addictive potential, nicotine scores almost as highly as opioids.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://ww1.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/92.pdf |title=Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans |publisher=[[National Institute on Drug Abuse]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services]] |year=1989 |editor-last=Fischman |editor-first=Marian W. |editor-link=Marian Fischman |location=Rockville, MD |page=79 |id=NIDA Research Monograph No. 92 |editor-last2=Mello |editor-first2=Nancy K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222041641/http://ww1.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/92.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Users typically develop [[Physiological tolerance|tolerance]] and [[Chemical dependency|dependence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccofacts.org/tob_truth/soaddictive.html |title=Tobacco Facts – Why is Tobacco So Addictive? |publisher=Tobaccofacts.org |access-date=September 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314185950/http://www.tobaccofacts.org/tob_truth/soaddictive.html |archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/SICD/PhilipMorris/pmorris.html |title=Philip Morris Information Sheet |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405204802/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SICD/PhilipMorris/pmorris.html  |archive-date=April 5, 2008}}</ref> Nicotine is known to produce [[conditioned place preference]], a sign of psychological enforcement value.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Le Foll |first1=Bernard |last2=Goldberg |first2=Steven R. |title=Nicotine induces conditioned place preferences over a large range of doses in rats |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=April 2005 |volume=178 |issue=4 |pages=481–492 |doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2021-5 |pmid=15765262 |s2cid=34966899 }}</ref> In one medical study, tobacco's overall harm to user and self was determined at three percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking sixth most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David J |last2=King |first2=Leslie A |last3=Phillips |first3=Lawrence D |title=Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis |journal=The Lancet |date=November 2010 |volume=376 |issue=9752 |pages=1558–1565 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 |citeseerx=10.1.1.690.1283 |pmid=21036393 |s2cid=5667719 }}</ref>

Tobacco also contains 2,3,6-Trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (sometimes called 2,3,6-TQ and TMN) which is a reversible [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] of type A and B with a binding affinity somewhat similar to that of [[clorgyline]] and [[deprenyl]]. It is a stronger dopamine releasing agent than nicotine and inhibits dopamine metabolism from its MAOI activity.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/590 | title=Smoking and brain dopaminergic neurochemistry | date=March 25, 2024 | publisher=North-West University | type=Thesis | vauthors = McAfee G }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_4-Naphthalenedione_-2_3_6-trimethyl | title=1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2,3,6-trimethyl- }}</ref> Tobacco also contains [[Harmine]] and Norharmine which is a reversible MAO-A inhibitor.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6592107 | date=2019 | title=Effect of Harmine on Nicotine-Induced Kidney Dysfunction in Male Mice | journal=International Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume=10 | page=97 | doi=10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_85_18 | doi-access=free | pmid=31360344 | vauthors = Salahshoor MR, Roshankhah S, Motavalian V, Jalili C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28057462/ | pmid=28057462 | date=2017 | title=Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in tobacco particulate matter: Are harman and norharman the only physiologically relevant inhibitors? | journal=Neurotoxicology | volume=59 | pages=22–26 | doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.010 | vauthors = Truman P, Grounds P, Brennan KA | bibcode=2017NeuTx..59...22T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fnmol.2022.925272 | doi-access=free | title=Harmane Potentiates Nicotine Reinforcement Through MAO-A Inhibition at the Dose Related to Cigarette Smoking | date=2022 | journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience | volume=15 | pmid=35832393 | pmc=9271706 | vauthors = Ding Z, Li X, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4253715 | jstor=4253715 | title=Nicotiana an Hallucinogen? | journal=Economic Botany | date=March 25, 1976 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=149–151 | doi=10.1007/BF02862960 | vauthors = Janiger O, De Rios MD | bibcode=1976EcBot..30..149J | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The MAO-A activity of tobacco alkaloids have been thought to play a role in the addictive qualities of tobacco.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1107244 | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.82 | title=Monoamine Oxidase a Binding in the Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices During Acute Withdrawal from Heavy Cigarette Smoking | date=2011 | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | volume=68 | issue=8 | pages=817–826 | pmid=21810646 | vauthors = Bacher I, Houle S, Xu X, Zawertailo L, Soliman A, Wilson AA, Selby P, George TP, Sacher J, Miler L, Kish SJ, Rusjan P, Meyer JH | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Radioactivity====
[[Polonium-210]] is a radioactive trace contaminant of tobacco, providing additional explanation for the link between smoking and [[bronchial cancer]].<ref name="polonium">{{cite journal|jstor=1712451|title=Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes|journal=Science|volume=143|issue=3603|pages=247–249|last1=Radford|first1=Edward P.|last2=Hunt|first2=Vilma R.|year=1964|doi=10.1126/science.143.3603.247|pmid=14078362|bibcode=1964Sci...143..247R|s2cid=23455633}}</ref>
The radioactive particles build up over time in the lungs and a UCLA study has estimated that the radiation from 25 years of smoking would cause over 120 deaths per thousand smokers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uclahealth.org/news/big-tobacco-knew-radioactive-particles-in-cigarettes|title=Big Tobacco knew radioactive particles in cigarettes posed cancer risk but kept quiet|website=www.uclahealth.org}}</ref>

===Economic===
Tobacco makes a significant economic contribution. The global tobacco market in 2010 was estimated at US$760&nbsp;billion, excluding China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__9D9KCY.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO9DCKFM|title=British American Tobacco – The global market|website=www.bat.com|language=en|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310114510/http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__9D9KCY.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO9DCKFM|url-status=dead}}</ref> The global revenues from tobacco taxes in 2013–2014 was approximately $269&nbsp;billion.

In China, cigarette manufacturing is one of the few profitable state-owned industries. For example, in 1998 the 1 429 state-owned enterprises in Yunnan province had revenue of [[Renminbi]] (RMB) 69.1&nbsp;billion (US$8.3&nbsp;billion) while 8 cigarette manufacturing plants alone accounted for about 53 percent (or RMB 36.2&nbsp;billion) of total provincial industry sales.<ref name="issues in global economy">{{Cite book |date=2003 |title=Issues in the global tobacco economy : selected case studies. |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/1391c97a-6e5f-59dc-b664-d14e5e401674/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307151442/https://www.fao.org/3/y4997e/y4997e.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2022 |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |pages=2, 39, 43 |isbn=925105083X |oclc=55056109 |id=Series number 1810-0783}}</ref> The Chinese government also collects tax on tobacco products. Tax revenues from cigarettes increased from 740 to 842&nbsp;billion [[Chinese yuan]] between 2014 and 2016. This generated an additional 101&nbsp;billion Chinese yuan in tax revenues for the government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodchild |first1=Mark |last2=Zheng |first2=Rong |title=Early assessment of China's 2015 tobacco tax increase |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=1 July 2018 |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=506–512 |doi=10.2471/BLT.17.205989 |pmc=6022610 |pmid=29962553 }}</ref>

In India, tobacco generates approximately 20&nbsp;billion [[Indian rupee]]s (US$0.45&nbsp;billion) of income per annum as a result of employment, income and government revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOBACCO IN INDIA: 4.10 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO|url=https://www.fao.org/3/y4997e/y4997e0h.htm|access-date=October 27, 2021|website=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).}}</ref>

[[Statistica]] estimates that in the U.S. alone, the tobacco industry has a market of US$121&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/491709/tobacco-united-states-market-value/|title=Tobacco: U.S. market value 2012–2017 {{!}} Statistic|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=March 15, 2018}}</ref> despite the fact the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] reports that US smoking rates are declining steadily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm|title=CDC – Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking – Smoking & Tobacco Use|last=Health|first=CDC's Office on Smoking and|website=Smoking and Tobacco Use|language=en-us|access-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151249/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/index.htm|archive-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In terms of health expenditures, cigarette smoking contributed to more than $225&nbsp;billion (or 11.7%) of annual healthcare spending in the U.S. in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Xin |last2=Shrestha |first2=Sundar S. |last3=Trivers |first3=Katrina F. |last4=Neff |first4=Linda |last5=Armour |first5=Brian S. |last6=King |first6=Brian A. |title=U.S. healthcare spending attributable to cigarette smoking in 2014 |journal=Preventive Medicine |date=September 2021 |volume=150 |pages=106529 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106529 |pmid=33771566 |pmc=10953804 }}</ref> Smoking-attributable healthcare spending increased more than 30% for Medicaid between 2010 and 2014.<ref name=":0" />

In the US, the decline in the number of smokers, the end of the [[Tobacco Transition Payment Program]] in 2014, and competition from growers in other countries, made tobacco farming economics more challenging.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bomey|first1=Nathan|title=Thousands of farmers stopped growing tobacco after deregulation payouts|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/09/02/thousands-farmers-stopped-growing-tobacco-after-deregulation-payouts/32115163/|work=USA Today|date=September 2, 2015|language=en}}</ref>

Of the 1.22&nbsp;billion smokers worldwide, 1&nbsp;billion of them live in developing or transitional economies, and much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor.<ref name="WHOTobaccoFactSheet" /> While smoking prevalence has declined in many developed countries, it remains high in others, and is increasing among women and in developing countries. Between one-fifth and two-thirds of men in most populations smoke. Women's smoking rates vary more widely but rarely equal male rates.<ref name="greenfacts">{{cite web|title=Tobacco: Active and Passive Smoking|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/tobacco/2-tobacco-smoking/1-smoke-tobacco.htm|website=Greenfacts.org|access-date=July 5, 2016}}</ref>

Tobacco users must also spend a significant amount of money on cigarettes to maintain regular use, as tobacco products are often heavily taxed by governments. For example, a pack a day smoker in the state of New York would have to spend around  $4,690.25 a year on cigarettes alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cost of Smoking |url=https://tobaccofreelife.org/why-quit-smoking/cost-smoking/ |access-date=July 6, 2022 |website=Tobacco-Free Life |language=en-US}}</ref>

In Indonesia, the lowest income group spends 15% of its total expenditures on tobacco. In Egypt, more than 10% of low-income household expenditure is on tobacco. The poorest 20% of households in Mexico spend 11% of their income on tobacco.<ref name="who 2008 mpower"/>

===Advertising===
{{Main|Nicotine marketing}}
The tobacco industry advertises its products through a variety of media, including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. Because of the health risks of these products, this is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing. Some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Products |first=Center for Tobacco |date=January 28, 2022 |title=Advertising and Promotion |url=https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-guidance-regulations/advertising-and-promotion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611174819/https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-guidance-regulations/advertising-and-promotion |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=July 6, 2022 |website=FDA |language=en}}</ref>