Editing Vatican City (section)

=== Science ===
Following in the footsteps of the [[Accademia dei Lincei|Pontifical Academy of New Lincei]] founded by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1847, [[Pope Pius XI]] founded the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] in 1936, which, located in the [[Casina Pio IV]], guarantees [[academic freedom]] to contribute to [[mathematical sciences|mathematical]], [[Outline of physical science|physical]] (including [[astronomy]], [[Earth sciences]], [[physics]] and [[chemistry]]) and [[natural sciences]] (e.g., [[medicine]], [[neuroscience]], [[biology]], [[genetics]], [[biochemistry]]), and confront [[epistemology|epistemological]] issues, with interests also in the [[history of science]]. Among the [[academician]]s, there are or were the [[astrophysicist]] [[Martin John Rees]], the [[mathematician]] [[Cédric Villani]], the [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] [[Edward Witten]], the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] laureates [[Jennifer Doudna]] and [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]], and [[Ernest Rutherford]], the [[genetics|geneticists]] [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] and [[Francis Collins]], the [[head transplant]] pioneer [[Robert J. White]], the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Alexander Fleming]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.pas.va/en/about/history.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disciplines |url=https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/disciplines.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

The [[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences]] is another [[pontifical academy]] of the [[Holy See]] located in the Vatican City, which deals with [[anthropology]], [[communication studies]], [[information sciences]], [[cybernetics]], [[economics]], [[education]], [[geography]], [[history]], [[law]], [[linguistics]], [[political science]], [[psychology]], [[behavioral sciences]], [[sociology]] and [[demography]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disciplines |url=https://www.pass.va/en/academicians/disciplines.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences}}</ref> The seat of the [[Pontifical Academy for Life]], whose domains are [[bioethics]] and [[ethics of technology]], is at [[Palazzo San Callisto|San Callisto complex]], a Vatican [[Properties of the Holy See#Outside Vatican City but inside Rome|extraterritorial property]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pontifical academies |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/index.htm |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=vatican.va |publisher=[[Dicastery for Communication]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuova sede dal Primo marzo 2024 |trans-title=New headquarters from 1 March 2024 |url=https://www.academyforlife.va/content/pav/it/notizie/2024/nuovo-indirizzo-1-marzo-2024.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=Pontifical Academy for Life |language=it}}</ref>

The [[Vatican Observatory]], whose origins date back to the 16th century, continues to contribute to astronomical research, especially through a partnership with the [[University of Arizona]] and the [[Infrared astronomy|infrared]] and [[Visible-light astronomy|optical]] [[Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope]] in [[Arizona]], and to astronomical [[education]] and "[[popular science]]" projects. As a member of the [[International Astronomical Union]] and the [[International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics]], it deals with research on [[physical cosmology|cosmological models]], [[stellar classification]], [[binary star]]s, and [[nebulae]]. It has contributed to [[philosophy|philosophical]] [[interdisciplinary]] studies at the [[Graduate Theological Union|Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences]] in [[Berkeley, California]] and research on the [[history of astronomy]] thanks to its extensive library, which includes a [[meteorite]] [[collection (museum)|collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Specola vaticana |trans-title=Vatican Observatory |url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/organismi-scientifici/specola-vaticana.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=vaticanstate.va |publisher=Vatican City Directorate of Telecommunications and Computer Services |language=it}}</ref>

Some of the Vatican telescopes of the [[astronomy|astronomical]] institution named [[Vatican Observatory]] participated in creating the [[Carte du Ciel]], but they have progressively become useless or limited for [[research]] purposes due to [[light pollution]] in their locations: Vatican City (the [[Gardens of Vatican City]] and near [[St. Peter's Basilica]]) and the Vatican [[Properties of the Holy See#Outside Rome|extraterritorial]] [[Palace of Castel Gandolfo]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}