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Modern architecture
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==Latin America== <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:MESP4.jpg|Ministry of Health and Education in [[Rio de Janeiro]] by [[Lúcio Costa]] (1936–43) File:MAM - Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro 02.jpg|[[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|MAM Rio]] museum, by [[Affonso Eduardo Reidy]] (1960) File:Congresso Nacional.jpg|The National Congress building in [[Brasília]] by Oscar Niemeyer (1956–61) File:Catedral de Bsb.jpg|The [[Cathedral of Brasília]] by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] (1958–1970) File:06-11-2014 Novembro Azul (15546341448).jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], offices of the Brazilian president, by Oscar Niemeyer (1958–60) File:MASP 2017 001.jpg|[[São Paulo Museum of Art]], MASP, by [[Lina Bo Bardi]] (1957–68) File:Torre Latinoamericana 1.jpg|The [[Torre Latinoamericana]] in Mexico City by [[Augusto H. Alvarez]] (1956) File:Explanada de El Colegio de México.jpg|The [[Colegio de México]] in Mexico City by [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Abraham Zabludovsky]] (1976) File:Luis Barragan - Casa Luis Barragan 張基義老師拍攝 010.jpg|Interior of the [[Luis Barragán House and Studio]] in Mexico City, by [[Luis Barragan]] (1948) File:Mural on rear of Alfonso Caro Auditorium, UNAM, Mexcio City.jpg|The Alfonso Caro Auditorium in [[National Autonomous University of Mexico|UNAM, Mexico City]], by [[Eugenio Peschard]] (1953) File:Torres del Parque.JPG|Residencias del Parque in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] by [[Rogelio Salmona]] (1965–1970) </gallery> Architectural historians sometimes label Latin American modernism as "[[Tropical Modernism|tropical modernism]]". This reflects architects who adapted modernism to the tropical climate as well as the sociopolitical contexts of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Morawski|first=Erica|title=Designing Destinations: Hotel Architecture, Urbanism, and American Tourism in Puerto Rico and Cuba|date=2016|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Illinois at Chicago|pages=169–170|hdl=10027/19131}}</ref> Brazil became a showcase of modern architecture in the late 1930s through the work of [[Lúcio Costa]] (1902–1998) and [[Oscar Niemeyer]] (1907–2012). Costa had the lead and Niemeyer collaborated on the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro (1936–43) and the Brazilian pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. Following the war, Niemeyer, along with Le Corbusier, conceived the form of the [[United Nations Headquarters]] constructed by Walter Harrison. Lúcio Costa also had overall responsibility for the plan of the most audacious modernist project in Brazil; the creation of new capital, [[Brasília]], constructed between 1956 and 1961. Costa made the general plan, laid out in the form of a cross, with the major government buildings in the center. Niemeyer was responsible for designing the government buildings, including the palace of the President;the National Assembly, composed of two towers for the two branches of the legislature and two meeting halls, one with a cupola and other with an inverted cupola. Niemeyer also built the cathedral, eighteen ministries, and giant blocks of housing, each designed for three thousand residents, each with its own school, shops, and chapel. Modernism was employed both as an architectural principle and as a guideline for organizing society, as explored in ''[[The Modernist City]].''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The modernist city : an anthropological critique of Brasília|last=James.|first=Holston|date=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226349794|location=Chicago|oclc=19722338}}</ref> Following a military coup d'état in Brazil in 1964, Niemeyer moved to France, where he designed the modernist headquarters of the French Communist Party in Paris (1965–1980), a miniature of his United Nations plan.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|pages=165–167}} Mexico also had a prominent modernist movement. Important figures included Félix Candela, born in Spain, who emigrated to Mexico in 1939; he specialized in concrete structures in unusual parabolic forms. Another important figure was [[Mario Pani]], who designed the [[Conservatorio Nacional de Música (Mexico)|National Conservatory of Music]] in Mexico City (1949), and the [[Torre Insignia]] (1988); Pani was also instrumental in the construction of the new [[Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City|University of Mexico City]] in the 1950s, alongside [[Juan O'Gorman]], [[Eugenio Peschard]], and [[Enrique del Moral]]. The [[Torre Latinoamericana]], designed by [[Augusto H. Alvarez]], was one of the earliest modernist skyscrapers in Mexico City (1956); it successfully withstood the [[1985 Mexico City earthquake]], which destroyed many other buildings in the city center. [[Pedro Ramirez Vasquez]] and [[Rafael Mijares]] designed the Olympic Stadium for the 1968 Olympics, and Antoni Peyri and Candela designed the Palace of Sports. [[Luis Barragan]] was another influential figure in Mexican modernism; his raw concrete residence and studio in Mexico City looks like a blockhouse on the outside, while inside it features great simplicity in form, pure colors, abundant natural light, and, one of his signatures, a stairway without a railing. He won the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]] in 1980, and the house was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|page=166}}
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