Editing Swarm behaviour (section)

==Robotics==
{{Main|Swarm robotics}}
{{See also|Ant robotics|Robotic materials}}

[[File:Kilobot robot swarm.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kilobot]] thousand-robot swarm developed by [[Radhika Nagpal]] and Michael Rubenstein at [[Harvard University]].]]
The application of swarm principles to [[robot]]s is called [[swarm robotics]], while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms.
{{External media
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|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQIMGV5vtd4 A Swarm of Nano Quadrotors] – ''YouTube''<ref name=Kushleyev2013 />
|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TjdGuBK9mI&ab_channel=naturevideo March of the microscopic robots] Nature Video, ''YouTube''
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Partially inspired by [[colony (biology)|colonies of insects]] such as ants and bees, researchers are modelling the behaviour of [[swarm robotics|swarms]] of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the [[emergent behaviour]] of the swarm is more complex.<ref name=Bouffanais>{{cite book |last1=Bouffanais|first1=Roland|title=Design and Control of Swarm Dynamics|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-287-750-5|edition=First|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-751-2|year=2016|series=SpringerBriefs in Complexity}}</ref> The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a [[superorganism]], exhibiting [[swarm intelligence]]. The largest swarms so far created is the 1024 robot Kilobot swarm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/ssr/projects/progSA/kilobot.html|title=Self-organizing Systems Research Group|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026212516/http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/ssr/projects/progSA/kilobot.html|archive-date=2014-10-26}}</ref> Other large swarms include the [[iRobot]] swarm, the [[SRI International]]/ActivMedia Robotics [[Centibots]] project,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilerobots.com/RobotApplications/SpecialResearchProjects.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714105814/http://www.mobilerobots.com/RobotApplications/SpecialResearchProjects.aspx|archive-date=2011-07-14|title=Centibots 100-Robot Collaborative Reconnaissance Project|publisher=ActivMedia Robotics}}</ref> and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swarmrobot.org|title=Open-source micro-robotic project|access-date=2007-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irobot.com/sp.cfm?pageid=149 |publisher=iRobot Corporation |title=Swarm |access-date=2007-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191006/https://www.irobot.com/sp.cfm?pageid=149 |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref> Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/12/40750 |title=Look, Up in the Sky: Robofly |magazine=Wired |first=Louise|last=Knapp |date=2000-12-21|access-date=2008-09-25}}</ref> In addition to ground vehicles, swarm robotics includes also research of swarms of [[aerial robot]]s<ref name=Kushleyev2013>{{cite journal |last1= Kushleyev |first1= Alex |last2= Mellinger |first2= Daniel |first3= Caitlin |last3= Powers |first4= Vijay |last4= Kumar |year=2013 |title= Towards a swarm of agile micro quadrotors |journal= Autonomous Robots |volume= 35 |issue= 4 |pages= 287–300 |doi=10.1007/s10514-013-9349-9|s2cid= 18340816 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title= Swarms of micro aerial vehicles stabilized under a visual relative localization |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vakula |last2= Jan |first3= Preucil |last3= Libor |year= 2014 |conference= IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)}}</ref> and heterogeneous teams of ground and aerial vehicles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Saska |first1= Martin |last2= Vonasek |first2= Vojtech |first3= Tomas |last3= Krajnik |first4= Libor |last4= Preucil |year=2014 |title= Coordination and navigation of heterogeneous MAV–UGV formations localized by a hawk-eye-like approach under a model predictive control scheme. |journal= International Journal of Robotics Research |volume= 33 |issue= 10 |pages= 1393–1412 |doi=10.1177/0278364914530482|s2cid= 1195374 |url= http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/14891/1/formations_2014_IJRR.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title= Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous UAVs-UGVs Teams Localized by a Hawk-Eye Approach |first1= Martin |last1= Saska |first2= Vojtech |last2= Vonasek |first3= Tomas |last3= Krajnik |first4= Libor |last4= Preucil |year= 2012 |conference= IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)}}</ref>

In contrast macroscopic robots, colloidal particles at microscale can also be adopted as agents to perform collective behaviors to conduct tasks using mechanical and physical approaches, such as reconfigurable tornado-like microswarm<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=Fengtong|last2=Jin|first2=Dongdong|last3=Wang|first3=Ben|last4=Zhang|first4=Li|date=2020-06-23|title=Light-Driven Hovering of a Magnetic Microswarm in Fluid|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c01464|journal=ACS Nano|volume=14|issue=6|pages=6990–6998|doi=10.1021/acsnano.0c01464|pmid=32463226 |s2cid=218976382 |issn=1936-0851}}</ref> mimicking schooling fish,<ref>{{Citation|last=Hughes|first=Robin|title=Barracuda Tornado|date=2007-02-22|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/robinhughes/404457553/|access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> hierarchical particle species<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mou|first1=Fangzhi|last2=Li|first2=Xiaofeng|last3=Xie|first3=Qi|last4=Zhang|first4=Jianhua|last5=Xiong|first5=Kang|last6=Xu|first6=Leilei|last7=Guan|first7=Jianguo|date=2019-12-20|title=Active Micromotor Systems Built from Passive Particles with Biomimetic Predator–Prey Interactions|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsnano.9b05996|journal=ACS Nano|volume=14|issue=1|pages=406–414|doi=10.1021/acsnano.9b05996|pmid=31860277 |s2cid=209435036 |issn=1936-0851}}</ref> mimicking predating behavior of mammals, micro-object manipulation using a transformable microswarm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yu|first1=Jiangfan|last2=Wang|first2=Ben|last3=Du|first3=Xingzhou|last4=Wang|first4=Qianqian|last5=Zhang|first5=Li|date=2018-08-21|title=Ultra-extensible ribbon-like magnetic microswarm|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3260|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05749-6|pmid=30131487 |pmc=6104072 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3260Y |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> The fabrication of such colloidal particles is usually based on chemical synthesis.
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