Editing Tissue engineering (section)

==== Lung ====
[[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) machines, otherwise known as heart and lung machines, are an adaptation of [[cardiopulmonary bypass]] techniques that provide heart and lung support.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chauhan S, Subin S | title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, an anesthesiologist's perspective: physiology and principles. Part 1 | journal = Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 218–29 | date = 2011-09-01 | pmid = 21860197 | doi = 10.4103/0971-9784.84030 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is used primarily to support the lungs for a prolonged but still temporary timeframe (1–30 days) and allow for recovery from reversible diseases.<ref name=":6" /> [[Robert Bartlett (surgeon)|Robert Bartlett]] is known as the father of ECMO and performed the first treatment of a newborn using an ECMO machine in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-20|title=How did ECMO get started?|url=https://uihc.org/health-topics/how-did-ecmo-get-started|access-date=2020-12-04|website=University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics|language=en}}</ref>

'''Skin'''

Tissue-engineered skin is a type of bioartificial organ that is often used to treat burns, diabetic foot ulcers, or other large wounds that cannot heal well on their own. Artificial skin can be made from autografts, allografts, and xenografts. Autografted skin comes from a patient's own skin, which allows the dermis to have a faster healing rate, and the donor site can be re-harvested a few times. Allograft skin often comes from cadaver skin and is mostly used to treat burn victims. Lastly, xenografted skin comes from animals and provides a temporary healing structure for the skin. They assist in dermal regeneration, but cannot become part of the host skin.<ref name="auto1"/> Tissue-engineered skin is now available in commercial products. Integra, originally used to only treat burns, consists of a collagen matrix and chondroitin sulfate that can be used as a skin replacement. The chondroitin sulfate functions as a component of proteoglycans, which helps to form the extracellular matrix.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chondroitin sulfate is a component of Integra® Dermal Regeneration Template |url=https://fdocuments.us/document/chondroitin-sulfate-chondroitin-sulfate-is-a-component-of-integra-dermal-regeneration.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=fdocuments.us|language=en}}</ref> Integra can be repopulated and revascularized while maintaining its dermal collagen architecture, making it a bioartificial organ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.integralife.com/file/general/1525975889.pdf|title=Integra|accessdate=13 March 2023}}</ref> Dermagraft, another commercial-made tissue-engineered skin product, is made out of living fibroblasts. These fibroblasts proliferate and produce growth factors, collagen, and ECM proteins, that help build granulation tissue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dermagraft Human Fibroblast-derived Dermal Substitute|url=https://dermagraft.com/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=dermagraft.com}}</ref>