Editing Color blindness (section)

==Rights==
In the United States, under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]], color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination.

A Brazilian court ruled that the color blind are protected by the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pt.scribd.com/doc/65834303/Acordao-Direito-Educacao-Deficientes | title=Full text of the decision of the court – in Portuguese language | access-date=2012-03-09 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714220139/http://pt.scribd.com/doc/65834303/Acordao-Direito-Educacao-Deficientes | archive-date=2012-07-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2001/d3956.htm | title=Decree issued by president of a republic ratifying Legislative Decree No. 198, of june 13, which approved the Inter-American Convention AG/RES. 1608 – in Portuguese language | access-date=2012-03-09 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325074802/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/2001/D3956.htm | archive-date=2012-03-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1608.htm | title=Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities. | access-date=2012-03-09 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416205804/http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1608.htm | archive-date=2013-04-16 }}</ref> At trial, it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge, or the full enjoyment of their human condition.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Occupations===
Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain activities. Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job (''e.g.,'' mixing paint colors), or in which color perception is important for safety (''e.g.,'' operating vehicles in response to color-coded signals). This occupational safety principle originates from the aftermath of the 1875 [[Lagerlunda rail accident|Lagerlunda train crash]], which [[Alarik Frithiof Holmgren]] blamed on the color blindness of the engineer and created the first occupational screening test ([[Holmgren's wool test]]) against the color blind.<ref name=VC86/>

{{Blockquote
|text=...I consider that to [Holmgren] above all others do we owe the present and future control of color-blindness on land and sea, by which life and property are safer, and the risks of travelling less.
|author=Benjamin Joy Jeffries
|source=''Color-blindness: Its Danger & Its Detection'' (1879)
}}

Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling, as the individual wires inside the cables are color-coded using green, orange, brown, blue and white colors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meyers|first=Michael|title=All in One A+ Certification Exam Guide|edition=4th|year=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-07-222274-6|url=https://archive.org/details/allinoneacertif000meye}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref> Electronic wiring, transformers, resistors, and capacitors are color-coded as well, using black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, white, silver, and gold.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grob|first=Bernard|title=Basic Electronics|year=2001|publisher=Glencoe/McGraw-Hill|location=Columbus, Ohio|isbn=978-0-02-802253-6}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}</ref>

Participation, officiating and viewing sporting events can be impacted by color blindness. Professional football players [[Thomas Delaney]] and [[Fábio Carvalho (footballer, born 2002)|Fabio Carvalho]] have discussed the difficulties when color clashes occur, and research undertaken by FIFA has shown that enjoyment and player progression can be hampered by issues distinguishing the difference between the pitch and training objects or field markings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tacbis.eu/news/football-players-shocked-when-experiencing-colour-blindness/|title=Football players shocked when experiencing Colour Blindness|website=Tacbis|access-date=9 April 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133028/https://www.tacbis.eu/news/football-players-shocked-when-experiencing-colour-blindness/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Snooker]] [[World Snooker Championship|World Champions]] [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] and [[Peter Ebdon]] sometimes need to ask the referee for help distinguishing between the red and brown balls due to their color blindness. Both have played foul shots on notable occasions by {{cuegloss|pot|potting}} the wrong ball.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billiardindex.com/MarkWilliams.html |title=Billiard Index: Mark Williams MBE player profile |website=Billiard Index |access-date=15 November 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708183938/http://www.billiardindex.com/MarkWilliams.html |archive-date=8 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hawkins on Top Down Under |url=https://wst.tv/hawkins-on-top-down-under/ |url-status=dead |publisher=[[World Snooker Tour]] |date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2023-11-15 |archive-date=2023-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017161334/https://wst.tv/hawkins-on-top-down-under/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2008 |title=Rueful Ebdon mistakes brown for red |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/7668421.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504082800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/7668421.stm |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref>

===Driving===
{{See also|#Traffic lights}}
Red–green color blindness can make it difficult to drive, primarily due to the inability to differentiate red–amber–green [[traffic lights]]. Protans are further disadvantaged due to the darkened perception of reds, which can make it more difficult to quickly recognize brake lights.<ref name="Cole1">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Barry |title=Colour Blindness and Driving |journal=Clinical and Experimental Optometry |date=September 2016 |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=484–487 |doi=10.1111/cxo.12396|pmid=27470192 |s2cid=26368283 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In response, some countries have refused to grant [[driver's license]]s to individuals with color blindness:
* In April 2003, Romania removed color blindness from its list of disqualifying conditions for learner driver's licenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ |url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/42195 |website=PORTAL LEGISLATIV |publisher=Ministerul Justiției |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=ro |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041937/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/42195 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ |url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/43242 |website=PORTAL LEGISLATIV |publisher=Ministerul Justiției |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=ro |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041940/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/43242 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is now qualified as a condition that could potentially compromise driver safety, therefore a driver may have to be evaluated by an authorized ophthalmologist to determine if they can drive safely. As of May 2008, there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit color blind citizens from getting driver's licenses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Corlăţean |first1=Titus |title=Discrimination against Romanians with genetic chromatic deficiencies |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-6-2008-2581_EN.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231041941/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-6-2008-2581_EN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In June 2020, India relaxed its ban on driver's licenses for the color blind to now only apply to those with strong CVD. While previously restricted, those who test as mild or moderate can now pass the medical requirements.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |title=Mild to medium colour blind people can now obtain driver's license |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/76645290.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2020-06-26 |access-date=2022-06-01 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mild-to-medium-colour-blind-people-can-now-obtain-driving-licence/articleshow/76645290.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Australia instituted a tiered ban on the color blind from obtaining commercial driver's licenses in 1994. This included a ban for all [[protan]]s, and a stipulation that [[deutan]]s must pass the [[Farnsworth Lantern]]. The stipulation on deutans was revoked in 1997 citing a lack of available test facilities, and the ban on protans was revoked in 2003.<ref name="Cole1" />
* All color blind individuals are banned from obtaining a driver's license in China<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Feiran |title=Some of us see the world in a different light |url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2108274147/ |website=Shine |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241003084028/https://www.shine.cn/feature/lifestyle/2108274147/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and since 2016 in Russia (2012 for dichromats).<ref>{{cite web |title=Do color blindmen a driver's license. Color blindmen allowed to drive cars |url=https://rozavetrovsibir.ru/en/dokumenty/will-colorblinders-be-given-a-drivers-license-daltonik-allowed-to-drive-cars/ |website=Rozavet |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003080815/https://rozavetrovsibir.ru/en/dokumenty/will-colorblinders-be-given-a-drivers-license-daltonik-allowed-to-drive-cars/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Piloting aircraft===
{{See also|#Signal lights}}
Although many aspects of aviation depend on color coding, only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness. Some examples include [[Aviation light signals|color-gun signaling]] of aircraft that have lost radio communication, color-coded [[Precision approach path indicator|glide-path indications]] on runways, and the like. Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons with color blindness for this reason. Restrictions may be partial, allowing color-blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions, or total, in which case color-blind persons are not permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2012/january/01/answers-for-pilots-color-vision|title = Answers for Pilots: Color vision|date = January 2012|first = Kathleen Dondzila|last = King|website = [[AOPA]]|access-date = 4 May 2020|archive-date = 13 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200813183533/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2012/january/01/answers-for-pilots-color-vision|url-status = live}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate, a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot's certification. If testing reveals color blindness, the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions, such as no night flying and no flying by color signals—such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations, such as that of an airline pilot, although commercial pilot certification is still possible, and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness (e.g., agricultural aviation). The government allows several types of tests, including medical standard tests (''e.g.,'' the [[Ishihara test|Ishihara]], Dvorine, and others) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation. If an applicant fails the standard tests, they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states: "Not valid for night flying or by color signal control". They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test, administered by the FAA. Typically, this test is the "color vision light gun test". For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower. The color [[Aviation light signals|signal light gun]] will be shone at the pilot from the tower, and they must identify the color. If they pass they may be issued a waiver, which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations. They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed. This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA), but the SODA was dropped, and converted to a simple waiver (letter) early in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item52/amd/ | title=Aerospace Medical Dispositions – Color vision | access-date=2009-04-11 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512031034/https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/ame/guide/app_process/exam_tech/item52/amd/ | archive-date=2009-05-12 }}</ref>

Research published in 2009 carried out by the [[City University of London]]'s Applied Vision Research Centre, sponsored by the UK's [[Civil Aviation Authority]] and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants' red/green and yellow–blue color range which could lead to a 35% reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/05/29/327137/colour-blindness-research-could-clear-more-pilots-to-fly-uk.html|title=Colour-blindness research could clear more pilots to fly: UK CAA|last=Warburton|first=Simon|date=29 May 2009|work=Air transport|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=29 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602082019/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/05/29/327137/colour-blindness-research-could-clear-more-pilots-to-fly-uk.html|archive-date=2 June 2009}}</ref>