Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

=== Consonants<!--subheading 2--> ===
Representations of consonant sounds outside of the core set are created by adding diacritics to letters with similar sound values. The Spanish bilabial and dental approximants are commonly written as lowered fricatives, {{IPA|[β̞]}} and {{IPA|[ð̞]}} respectively.{{NoteTag|note=Dedicated letters have been proposed, such as rotated <span style="{{mirrorH}}; {{mirrorV}};">{{angbr IPA|β}}</span> and <span style="{{mirrorH}}; {{mirrorV}};">{{angbr IPA|ð}}</span>, reversed <span style="{{mirrorH}}">{{angbr IPA|β}}</span> and <span style="{{mirrorH}}">{{angbr IPA|ð}}</span>, or small-capital {{angbr IPA|{{sm|б}}}} and {{angbr IPA|ᴆ}}. Ball, Rahilly & Lowry (2017) ''Phonetics for speech pathology'', 3rd edition, Equinox, Sheffield.}} Similarly, voiced lateral fricatives can be written as raised lateral approximants, {{IPA|[ɭ˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝]}}, though the extIPA also provides {{angbr IPA|𝼅}} for the first of these. A few languages such as [[Banda languages|Banda]] have a bilabial flap as the preferred allophone of what is elsewhere a labiodental flap. It has been suggested that this be written with the labiodental flap letter and the advanced diacritic, {{IPA|[ⱱ̟]}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kenneth S. |last2=Hajek |first2=John |year=1999 |title=The phonetic status of the labial flap |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=101–114 |doi=10.1017/s0025100300006484 |s2cid=14438770}}</ref>
Similarly, a labiodental trill would be written {{IPA|[ʙ̪]}} (bilabial trill and the dental sign), and the labiodental plosives are now universally {{angbr IPA|p̪ b̪}} rather than the ''ad hoc'' letters {{angbr IPA|ȹ ȸ}} once found in Bantuist literature. Other taps can be written as extra-short plosives or laterals, e.g. {{IPA|[&thinsp;ɟ̆ ɢ̆ ʟ̆]}}, though in some cases the diacritic would need to be written below the letter. A [[retroflex trill]] can be written as a retracted {{IPA|[r̠]}}, just as non-subapical retroflex fricatives sometimes are. The remaining pulmonic consonants – the uvular laterals ({{IPA|[ʟ̠ 𝼄̠ ʟ̠˔]}}) and the palatal trill – while not strictly impossible, are very difficult to pronounce and are unlikely to occur even as allophones in the world's languages.