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Isan language
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===Verbs=== Verbs are not declined for voice, number, or tense. To indicate tenses, particles can be used, but it is also very common just to use words that indicate the time frame, such as มื้ออื่น (mue uen) {{IPA|/mɯ̏ː ʔɯ́ːn/}} ''tomorrow'' or มื้อวานนี้ (mue wan ni) {{IPA|/mɯ̏ː wâːn nȉː/}} ''yesterday.'' Negation: [[Negation]] is indicated by placing บ่ (bo) {{IPA|/bɔ́ː/}} before the word being negated. * อีน้องกินหมากเลน (i nong kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ kìn màːk lêːn}}/ ''Younger sister eats tomatoes.'' * อีน้องบ่กินหมากเลน (i nong bao bo kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ bɔ́ː kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister does not eat tomatoes.'' [[Future tense]]: Future tense is indicated by placing the particles จะ (cha) {{IPA|/tɕǎʔ/}} or สิ (si) {{IPA|/sȉʔ/}} before the verb. * อีน้องจะกินหมากเลน (i nong cha kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔīː nɔ̏ːŋ tɕǎʔ kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister will eat tomatoes.'' * อีน้องสิกินหมากเลน (i nong see kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔīː nɔ̏ːŋ sȉʔ kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister will eat tomatoes.'' Past tense: [[Past tense]] is indicated by either placing ได้ (dai) {{IPA|/dâj/}} before the verb or แล้ว (laew) {{IPA|/lɛ̏ːw/}} after the verb or even using both in tandem for emphasis. แล้ว is the more common one, and can be used to indicate completed actions or current actions of the immediate past. ได้ is often used with negative statements and never for present action. * อีน้องได้กินหมากเลน (i nong dai kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ dâj kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister ate tomatoes.'' * อีน้องกินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong kin mak len laew) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ kìn màːk lêːn lɛ̏ːw/}} ''Younger sister (just) ate tomatoes.'' * อีน้องได้กินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong dai kin mak len laew) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̏ːŋ dâj kìn màːk lêːn lɛ̏ːw/}} ''Younger sister (definitely) ate tomatoes.'' [[Present progressive]]: To indicate an ongoing action, กำลัง (kamlang) {{IPA|/kàm.lâŋ/}} can be used before the verb or อยู่ (yu) {{IPA|/júː/}} after the verb. These can also be combined for emphasis. In Isan and Lao, พวม (phuam) /pʰuâm/ is often used instead of กำลัง. * อีน้องกำลังกินหมากเลน (i nong kamlang kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ kàm.lâŋ kīn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' * อีน้องกินอยู่หมากเลน (i nong kin yu mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ kìn júː màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' * อีน้องพวมกินหมากเลน (i nong phuam kin mak len) {{IPA|/ʔìː nɔ̂ːŋ pʰûam kìn màːk lêːn/}} ''Younger sister is eating tomatoes.'' The verb 'to be' can be expressed in many ways. In use as a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]], it is often dropped between nouns and adjectives. Compare English ''She is pretty'' and Isan สาวงาม (literally ''lady pretty''). There are two copulas used in Isan, as in Lao, one for things relating to people, เป็น (pen) {{IPA|/pèn/}}, and one for objects and animals, แม่น (maen) {{IPA|/mɛ̄n/}}. * นกเป็นหมอ (Nok pen mo) {{IPA|/nòk pèn mɔ̌ː/}} ''Nok is a doctor.'' * อันนี้แม่นสามล้อ (an ni maen sam lo) {{IPA|/ʔàn.nȉː mɛ̄n sǎːm lɔ̏ː/}} ''This is a pedicab.''
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