Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===Group therapy and play therapy===
Although single-client sessions remain the norm, psychoanalytic theory has been used to develop other types of psychological treatment. Psychoanalytic group therapy was pioneered by [[Trigant Burrow]], Joseph Pratt, [[Paul Ferdinand Schilder|Paul F. Schilder]], [[Samuel Slavson|Samuel R. Slavson]], [[Harry Stack Sullivan]], and Wolfe. Child-centered counseling for parents was instituted early in analytic history by Freud, and was later further developed by [[Irwin Marcus]], Edith Schulhofer, and Gilbert Kliman. Psychoanalytically based couples therapy has been promulgated and explicated by Fred Sander. Techniques and tools developed in the first decade of the 21st century have made psychoanalysis available to patients who were not treatable by earlier techniques. This meant that the analytic situation was modified so that it would be more suitable and more likely to be helpful for these patients. Eagle (2007) believes that psychoanalysis cannot be a self-contained discipline but instead must be open to influence from and integration with findings and theory from other disciplines.<ref>Eagle, Morris N. 2007. "[https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2403e3b4cb03f1b54e1b8205053a010d3416aab6 Psychoanalysis and its critics]." ''[[Psychoanalytic Psychology (journal)|Psychoanalytic Psychology]]'' 24:10–24. {{doi|10.1037/0736-9735.24.1.10}}.</ref>

Psychoanalytic constructs have been adapted for use with children with treatments such as [[play therapy]], [[art therapy]], and [[storytelling]]. Throughout her career, from the 1920s through the 1970s, [[Anna Freud]] adapted psychoanalysis for children through play. This is still used today for children, especially those who are preadolescent.<ref group="lower-roman">see Leon Hoffman, New York Psychoanalytic Institute Center for Children</ref> Using toys and games, children are able to symbolically demonstrate their fears, fantasies, and defenses; although not identical, this technique, in children, is analogous to the aim of free association in adults. Psychoanalytic play therapy allows the child and analyst to understand children's conflicts, particularly defenses such as disobedience and withdrawal, that have been guarding against various unpleasant feelings and hostile wishes. In art therapy, the counselor may have a child draw a portrait and then tell a story about the portrait. The counselor watches for recurring themes—regardless of whether it is with art or toys.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}