Editing Tissue engineering (section)

==== Heart ====

Since the number of patients awaiting a heart transplant is continuously increasing over time, and the number of patients on the waiting list surpasses the organ availability,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colvin M, Smith JM, Hadley N, Skeans MA, Uccellini K, Lehman R, Robinson AM, Israni AK, Snyder JJ, Kasiske BL | display-authors = 6 | title = OPTN/SRTR 2017 Annual Data Report: Heart | journal = American Journal of Transplantation | volume = 19 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 323–403 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30811894 | doi = 10.1111/ajt.15278 | s2cid = 73510324 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2027.42/172019 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> artificial organs used as replacement therapy for terminal heart failure would help alleviate this difficulty.  Artificial hearts are usually used to bridge the heart transplantation or can be applied as replacement therapy for terminal heart malfunction.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Smith PA, Cohn WE, Frazier OH |chapter =Chapter 7 – Total artificial hearts |doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-810491-0.00007-2 | title =Mechanical Circulatory and Respiratory Support |publisher=Academic Press |pages=221–44 |date=1 January 2018}}</ref> The total artificial heart (TAH), first introduced by Dr. Vladimir P. Demikhov in 1937,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan S, Jehangir W | title = Evolution of Artificial Hearts: An Overview and History | journal = Cardiology Research | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 121–25 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 28348709 | pmc = 5358116 | doi = 10.14740/cr354w }}</ref> emerged as an ideal alternative. Since then it has been developed and improved as a mechanical pump that provides long-term circulatory support and replaces diseased or damaged heart ventricles that cannot properly pump the blood, restoring thus the pulmonary and systemic flow.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Melton N, Soleimani B, Dowling R | title = Current Role of the Total Artificial Heart in the Management of Advanced Heart Failure | journal = Current Cardiology Reports | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 142 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31758343 | doi = 10.1007/s11886-019-1242-5 | s2cid = 208212152 }}</ref> Some of the current TAHs include AbioCor, an FDA-approved device that comprises two artificial ventricles and their valves, and does not require subcutaneous connections, and is indicated for patients with biventricular heart failure. In 2010 SynCardia released the portable freedom driver that allows patients to have a portable device without being confined to the hospital.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cook JA, Shah KB, Quader MA, Cooke RH, Kasirajan V, Rao KK, Smallfield MC, Tchoukina I, Tang DG | display-authors = 6 | title = The total artificial heart | journal = Journal of Thoracic Disease | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 2172–80 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26793338 | pmc = 4703693 | doi = 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.70 }}</ref>