Editing Matriarchy (section)

==Other animals==
[[Image:Зубри.jpg|thumb|[[European bison]] social structure has been described as a matriarchy.<ref name="bison" />]]
Matriarchy may also refer to non-human animal species in which females hold higher status and hierarchical positions, such as among [[spotted hyenas]], [[elephant]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vidya |last2=Sukumar |date=2005-10-10 |title=Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110972 |journal=Current Science |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=1200–1207 |doi= |jstor= 24110972|access-date=}}</ref> [[lemur]]s, [[Naked mole-rat|naked mole rats]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Despard Estes |first=Richard |date=1991 |title=The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858 |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/337 337] |isbn=0-520-08085-8 |author-link=Richard Despard Estes}}</ref> and [[bonobo]]s.<ref name="NYT-20160910">{{cite news |last=Angier |first=Natalie |title=Beware the Bonds of Female Bonobos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/science/bonobos-apes-matriarchy.html |date=September 10, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 10, 2016 }}</ref> Such animal hierarchies have not been replaced by patriarchy. The social structure of [[European bison]] herds has also been described by specialists as a matriarchy – the cows of the group lead it as the entire herd follows them to grazing areas.<ref name= 'bison'>{{Cite web|title = Leśnicy wołają żubry na siano|url = https://tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl/informacje-pogoda/polska,28/lesnicy-wolaja-zubry-na-siano,18741,1,0.html|publisher = TVN Meteo|author = Mirosław Androsiuk|date = 2012-01-26|access-date = 2019-12-02}}</ref> Though heavier and larger than the females, the older and more powerful males of the European bison usually fulfill the role of satellites that hang around the edges of the herd.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Marta Kądziela (Director)|date=2014-09-24|title=Ocalony Świat – odc. 2 – Leśny majestat|trans-title = Saved World – Episode 2 – Forest Majesty|medium=Documentary|location=Poland|publisher=TVP1}}</ref> Apart from the mating season when they begin to compete with each other, European bison bulls serve a more active role in the herd only once a danger to the group's safety appears.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Plucińska |first1=Sylwia |title=Żubr dostał kosza, więc uciekł z pszczyńskiego rezerwatu |trans-title=Żubr got a basket, so he escaped from the Pszczyna nature reserve |language=pl |url=https://dziennikzachodni.pl/zubr-dostal-kosza-wiec-uciekl-z-pszczynskiego-rezerwatu/ar/240797 |work=Dziennik Zachodni |date=6 April 2010 }}</ref> In bonobos, even the highest ranking male will sometimes face aggression from females and is occasionally injured by them. Female bonobos secure feeding privileges and exude social confidence while the males generally cower on the sidelines. The only exceptions are males with influential mothers, so even the rank between the males is influenced strongly by females. Females also initiate group travels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342897635|title=The Other Sister, Bonobos}}</ref>