Editing Model minority (section)

==Netherlands==
{{see also|Indo people}}

===Background===
{{see also|Indos in the Dutch East Indies}}
At the end of the colonial era of the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now: [[Indonesia]]), a community of about 300,000 Indo-Europeans (people of mixed Indonesian and European heritage) was registered as Dutch citizens. Indos formed the vast majority of the European legal class in the colony. When in the second half of the 20th century the independent [[Republic of Indonesia]] was established, the majority of Europeans, including the Indo-Europeans,<ref>{{cite book|author=Gouda, Frances |title=Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900–1942.|publisher=Equinox|date=2008|isbn=978-979-3780-62-7|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN6G-lMk_DEC|access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> were expelled from the newly established country.

===Repatriation===
From 1945 to 1949 the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] turned the former Dutch East Indies into an increasingly hostile environment for Indo-Europeans. Violence aimed towards Indo-Europeans during its early [[Bersiap]] period (1945–1946) accumulated in almost 20,000 deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tongtong.nl/indische-school/contentdownloads/bussemaker_bersiap.pdf |title=Geschiedenis: Dr. H. Th. Bussemaker |publisher=Tontong.nl |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> The Indo diaspora continued up to 1964 and resulted in the emigration of practically all Indo-Europeans from a turbulent young Indonesian nation. Even though most Indos had never set foot in the Netherlands before, this emigration was named ''repatriation''.

Notwithstanding the fact that Indos in the former colony of the Dutch East Indies were officially part of the European legal class and were formally considered to be Dutch nationals, the Dutch government practiced an official policy of discouragement with regard to the post-WWII repatriation of Indos to the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/speler.program.7028352.html |title=Spijtoptanten – NPO Geschiedenis |publisher=Geschiedenis24.nl |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> While Dutch policy was in fact aimed at stimulating Indos to give up Dutch citizenship and opt for Indonesian citizenship, simultaneously the young Indonesian Republic implemented policies increasingly intolerant towards anything remotely reminiscent of Dutch influence. Even though actual aggression against Indos decreased after the extreme violence of the [[Bersiap]] period, all Dutch (language) institutions, schools and businesses were gradually eliminated and public discrimination and racism against Indos in the Indonesian job market continued. In the end 98% of the original Indo community repatriated to their distant fatherland in Europe.<ref name="vanstockum.nl">{{cite web |url=http://www.vanstockum.nl/product/12299438/Van-Pasar-Malam-tot-%27I-love-Indo%27.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112063805/http://www.vanstockum.nl/product/12299438/Van-Pasar-Malam-tot-'I-love-Indo'.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 12, 2013 |title=Van Pasar Malam tot I love Indo |publisher=Vanstockum.nl |date=2010-01-01 |access-date=2015-02-24 }}</ref>

===Integration===
In the 1990s and early 21st century the Netherlands was confronted with ethnic tension in a now [[Multiculturalism|multi-cultural]] society. Ethnic tensions, rooted in the perceived lack of social integration and rise of crime rates of several ethnic minorities, climaxed with the murders of politician [[Pim Fortuyn]] in 2002 and film director [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]] in 2004. In 2006 statistics show that in [[Rotterdam]], the second largest city in the country, close to 50% of the inhabitants were of foreign descent. The Indo community however is considered the best integrated ethnic and cultural minority in the Netherlands. Statistical data compiled by the CBS shows that Indos belong to the group with the lowest crime rates in the country.<ref name="van Amersfoort & van Niekerk 2006">{{cite journal |last1=van Amersfoort |first1=Hans |last2=van Niekerk |first2=Mies |title=Immigration as a Colonial Inheritance: Post-Colonial Immigrants in the Netherlands, 1945–2002 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |date=April 2006 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=323–346 |doi=10.1080/13691830600555210 |s2cid=216142383 }}</ref>

A CBS study of 1999 reveals that of all foreign born groups living in the Netherlands, only the Indos have an average income similar to that of citizens born in the Netherlands. Job participation in government, education and health care is similar as well. Another recent CBS study, among foreign born citizens and their children living in the Netherlands in 2005, shows that on average, Indos own the largest number of independent enterprises. A 2007 CBS study shows that already over 50% of first-generation Indos have married a native born Dutch person. A percentage that increased to 80% for the second generation.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.imes.uva.nl/research/IMESsecondthirdgenerationsDutchEurasians.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817070552/http://www.imes.uva.nl/research/IMESsecondthirdgenerationsDutchEurasians.html|date=August 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNo0ZYamYsUC&q='Indisch+is+een+gevoel' |title='Indisch is een gevoel': de tweede en derde generatie Indische Nederlanders – Marlene de Vries – Google Boeken |access-date=2015-02-24|isbn=9789089641250 |last1=Vries |first1=Marlene de |year=2009 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press }}</ref> One of the first and oldest Indo organisations that supported the integration of Indo repatriates into the Netherlands is the ''Pelita foundation''.<ref>[http://www.pelita.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?themeid=1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031234451/http://www.pelita.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?themeid=1|date=October 31, 2013}}</ref>

Although Indo repatriates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/home/default.htm |title=CBS – Home |publisher=Cbs.nl |date=2015-02-16 |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> being born overseas, are officially registered as Dutch citizens of foreign descent, their Eurasian background puts them in the Western sub-class instead of the Non-Western (Asian) sub-class.

Two factors are usually attributed to the essence of their apparently seamless assimilation into Dutch society: Dutch citizenship and the amount of 'Dutch cultural capital', in the form of school attainments and familiarity with the Dutch language and culture, that Indos already possessed before migrating to the Netherlands.<ref name="van Amersfoort & van Niekerk 2006"/>

===New generations===
Although third- and fourth-generation Indos<ref>Note: The academic definition in sociological studies often used to determine first-generation Indos: Indo repatriates that could consciousnessly make the decision to immigrate. As of age 12.</ref> are part of a fairly large minority community in the Netherlands, the path of assimilation ventured by their parents and grandparents has left them with little knowledge of their actual roots and history, even to the point that they find it hard to recognise their own cultural features. Some Indos find it hard to grasp the concept of their Eurasian identity and either tend to disregard their Indonesian roots or on the contrary attempt to profile themselves as Indonesian.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKHEO7um2nQC |title=Culture, Structure and Beyond – Google Books |access-date=2015-02-24|isbn=9789055891733 |last1=Crul |first1=Maurice |last2=Lindo |first2=Flip |last3=Pang |first3=Ching Lin |year=1999 |publisher=Het Spinhuis }}</ref> In recent years however the reinvigorated search for roots and identity has also produced several academic studies.<ref name="vanstockum.nl"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/2257628/Indovation |title=Indovation |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2008-03-11 |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oaithesis.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/4233/Master%20Thesis%20Kirsten%20Vos%202007%20v%201.2.pdf |title=Indie Tabeh |type=Master Thesis |author=Kisten Vos |publisher=Oaithesis.eur.nl |access-date=2015-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916030215/http://oaithesis.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/4233/Master%20Thesis%20Kirsten%20Vos%202007%20v%201.2.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Marcel |last=Decraene |title=Young East Indies Dutch explore their identity |date=27 June 2008 |series=Mixed cultures |url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/specialseries/mixedcultures/080627-dutch-identity-mc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629043417/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/specialseries/mixedcultures/080627-dutch-identity-mc |archive-date=2008-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>