Editing Tissue engineering (section)

==== Kidney ====
While kidney transplants are possible, renal failure is more often treated using an artificial kidney.<ref name = "Tasnim_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tasnim F, Deng R, Hu M, Liour S, Li Y, Ni M, Ying JY, Zink D | display-authors = 6 | title = Achievements and challenges in bioartificial kidney development | journal = Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair | volume = 3 | issue = 14 | pages = 14 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20698955 | doi = 10.1186/1755-1536-3-14 | pmc = 2925816 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The first artificial kidneys and the majority of those currently in use are extracorporeal, such as with hemodialysis, which filters blood directly, or peritoneal dialysis, which filters via a fluid in the abdomen.<ref name = "Tasnim_2010" /><ref name = "Humes_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Humes HD, Buffington D, Westover AJ, Roy S, Fissell WH | title = The bioartificial kidney: current status and future promise | journal = Pediatric Nephrology | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 343–51 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23619508 | doi = 10.1007/s00467-013-2467-y | s2cid = 19376597 }}</ref> In order to contribute to the biological functions of a kidney such as producing metabolic factors or hormones, some artificial kidneys incorporate renal cells.<ref name = "Tasnim_2010" /><ref name = "Humes_2014" /> There has been progress in the way of making these devices smaller and more transportable, or even [https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney implantable ]. One challenge still to be faced in these smaller devices is countering the limited volume and therefore limited filtering capabilities.<ref name = "Tasnim_2010" />

Bioscaffolds have also been introduced to provide a framework upon which normal kidney tissue can be regenerated. These scaffolds encompass natural scaffolds (e.g., decellularized kidneys,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Su J, Satchell SC, Shah RN, Wertheim JA | title = Kidney decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels: Rheological characterization and human glomerular endothelial cell response to encapsulation | journal = Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A | volume = 106 | issue = 9 | pages = 2448–2462 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29664217 | pmc = 6376869 | doi = 10.1002/jbm.a.36439 }}</ref> collagen hydrogel,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee SJ, Wang HJ, Kim TH, Choi JS, Kulkarni G, Jackson JD, Atala A, Yoo JJ | display-authors = 6 | title = In Situ Tissue Regeneration of Renal Tissue Induced by Collagen Hydrogel Injection | journal = Stem Cells Translational Medicine | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–250 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29380564 | pmc = 5788870 | doi = 10.1002/sctm.16-0361 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Wu H, Zhang R, Hu B, He Y, Zhang Y, Cai L, Wang L, Wang G, Hou H, Qiu X |date=December 2021 |title=A porous hydrogel scaffold mimicking the extracellular matrix with swim bladder derived collagen for renal tissue regeneration |journal=Chinese Chemical Letters |language=en |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=3940–3947 |doi=10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.043|s2cid=235570487 }}</ref> or silk fibroin<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mou X, Shah J, Bhattacharya R, Kalejaiye TD, Sun B, Hsu PC, Musah S | title = A Biomimetic Electrospun Membrane Supports the Differentiation and Maturation of Kidney Epithelium from Human Stem Cells | journal = Bioengineering | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 188 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35621466 | pmc = 9137565 | doi = 10.3390/bioengineering9050188 | doi-access = free }}</ref>), synthetic scaffolds (e.g., poly[lactic-co-glycolic acid]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lih E, Park KW, Chun SY, Kim H, Kwon TG, Joung YK, Han DK | title = Biomimetic Porous PLGA Scaffolds Incorporating Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for Kidney Tissue Regeneration | journal = ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces | volume = 8 | issue = 33 | pages = 21145–21154 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27456613 | doi = 10.1021/acsami.6b03771 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Burton TP, Callanan A | title = A Non-woven Path: Electrospun Poly(lactic acid) Scaffolds for Kidney Tissue Engineering | journal = Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 301–310 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 30603555 | pmc = 6171675 | doi = 10.1007/s13770-017-0107-5 }}</ref> or other polymers), or a combination of two or more natural and synthetic scaffolds. These scaffolds can be implanted into the body either without cell treatment or after a period of stem cell seeding and incubation. In vitro and In vivo studies are  being conducted to compare and optimize the type of scaffold and to assess whether cell seeding prior to implantation adds to the viability, regeneration and effective function of the kidneys. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis compared the results of published animal studies and identified that improved outcomes are reported with the use of hybrid (mixed) scaffolds and cell seeding;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mirmoghtadaei M, Khaboushan AS, Mohammadi B, Sadr M, Farmand H, Hassannejad Z, Kajbafzadeh AM | title = Kidney tissue engineering in preclinical models of renal failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Regenerative Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 941–955 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36154467 | doi = 10.2217/rme-2022-0084 | s2cid = 252543376 }}</ref> however, the meta-analysis of these results were not in agreement with the evaluation of descriptive results from the review. Therefore, further studies involving larger animals and novel scaffolds, and more transparent reproduction of previous studies are advisable.