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Christianization
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=== Iberian Reconquista === {{Main|Reconquista}} [[File:Batalla de las Navas de Tolosa, por Francisco van Halen.jpg|thumb|250px|Depiction of the [[Battle of Navas de Tolosa]] by 19th-century painter [[Francisco de Paula Van Halen]]|alt=photo of a painting by 19th-century painter Francisco de Paula Van Halen depicting the Battle of Navas de Tolosa]] Between 711 and 718, the [[Iberian Peninsula]] had been conquered by [[Muslims]] in the [[Muslim conquest of Spain|Umayyad conquest]].{{sfn|Barton|2009|p=xvii}} The centuries long military struggle to reclaim the peninsula from Muslim rule, called the [[Reconquista]], took place until the Christian Kingdoms, that would later become Spain and Portugal, reconquered the [[Moors|Moorish]] [[Al-Andalus|Al-Ándalus]] in 1492.{{sfn|Marin-Guzmán|1992|p=287}} (The [[Battle of Covadonga]] in 722 is seen as the beginning of Reconquista and the [[the Conquest of Granada|annexation of Grenada]] in 1492 is its end).<ref>Boyd, Carolyn P. "The Second Battle of Covadonga: The Politics of Commemoration in Modern Spain." History and Memory, vol. 14, no. 1–2, 2002, p. 37, JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2979/his.2002.14.1-2.37. Accessed 26 Aug. 2023.</ref><ref>Cook Jr, Weston F., and Andrés Bernaldez. "The Cannon Conquest of Nasrid Spain and the End of the Reconquista'." Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean 13 (2003): 253.</ref> [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabel]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] married in October 1469 thereby uniting Spain with themselves as its first royalty. In 1478, they established the [[Spanish Inquisition]], telling the Pope it was needed to find heretics – specifically Jews pretending to be Christian so they could spy for Moslems who wanted their territory back. In actuality, it served state interests and consolidated power in the monarchy.{{sfn|Rawlings|2006|pp=1–2}} The Spanish inquisition was originally authorized by the Pope, yet the initial inquisitors proved so severe that the Pope almost immediately opposed it and attempted to shut it down without success.{{sfn|Mathew|2018|pp=52–53}} Ferdinand is said to have pressured the Pope, and in October 1483, a papal bull conceded control of the inquisition to the Spanish crown. According to Spanish historian José Casanova, the Spanish inquisition became the first truly national, unified and centralized state institution.{{sfn|Casanova|1994|p=75}}
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