Editing Computer security (section)

===Automobiles===
{{See also|Autonomous car#Potential disadvantages|Automated driving system#Risks and liabilities|Automotive hacking}}
Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing, [[cruise control]], [[anti-lock brakes]], seat belt tensioners, door locks, [[airbag]]s and [[advanced driver-assistance systems]] on many models. Additionally, [[connected car]]s may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network.<ref name="vox" /> [[Self-driving car]]s are expected to be even more complex. All of these systems carry some security risks, and such issues have gained wide attention.<ref>{{cite report | url=http://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2015-02-06_MarkeyReport-Tracking_Hacking_CarSecurity%202.pdf | title=Tracking & Hacking: Security & Privacy Gaps Put American Drivers at Risk | date=6 February 2015 | access-date=4 November 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109040112/http://www.markey.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2015-02-06_MarkeyReport-Tracking_Hacking_CarSecurity%202.pdf | archive-date=9 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated.-->|title=Cybersecurity expert: It will take a 'major event' for companies to take this issue seriously|url=https://www.aol.com/article/news/2016/12/26/expert-warns-major-event-will-need-to-happen-for-cybersecurity/21632630/|website=AOL.com|date=5 January 2017 |access-date=22 January 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120180918/https://www.aol.com/article/news/2016/12/26/expert-warns-major-event-will-need-to-happen-for-cybersecurity/21632630/|archive-date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The problem with self-driving cars: who controls the code?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/23/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars-who-controls-the-code|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=22 January 2017|date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316152605/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/23/the-problem-with-self-driving-cars-who-controls-the-code|archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

Simple examples of risk include a malicious [[compact disc]] being used as an attack vector,<ref>{{cite conference|url=http://www.autosec.org/pubs/cars-usenixsec2011.pdf|title=Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces|year=2011|conference=SEC'11 Proceedings of the 20th USENIX conference on Security|page=6|publisher=USENIX Association|location=Berkeley, California, US|first1=Stephen|last1=Checkoway|first2=Damon|last2=McCoy|first3=Brian|last3=Kantor|author-link3=Brian Kantor|first4=Danny|last4=Anderson|first5=Hovav|last5=Shacham|first6=Stefan|last6=Savage|author-link6=Stefan Savage|first7=Karl|last7=Koscher|first8=Alexei|last8=Czeskis|first9=Franziska|last9=Roesner|first10=Tadayoshi|last10=Kohno|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221064614/http://www.autosec.org/pubs/cars-usenixsec2011.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping. However, if access is gained to a car's internal [[controller area network]], the danger is much greater<ref name="vox">{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/1/18/7629603/car-hacking-dangers|title=The next frontier of hacking: your car|first=Timothy B.|last=Lee|date=18 January 2015|work=Vox|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317212726/http://www.vox.com/2015/1/18/7629603/car-hacking-dangers|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> – and in a widely publicized 2015 test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway{{snd}}With Me in It|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119103855/https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/|archive-date=19 January 2017|date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hackers take control of car, drive it into a ditch|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/hackers-remotely-carjack-jeep-from-10-miles-away-and-drive-it-into-ditch-10406554.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=22 January 2017|date=22 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/hackers-remotely-carjack-jeep-from-10-miles-away-and-drive-it-into-ditch-10406554.html|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

Manufacturers are reacting in numerous ways, with [[Tesla Motors|Tesla]] in 2016 pushing out some security fixes ''over the air'' into its cars' computer systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tesla fixes software bug that allowed Chinese hackers to control car remotely|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/09/21/tesla-fixes-software-bug-that-allowed-chinese-hackers-to-control/|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014932/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/09/21/tesla-fixes-software-bug-that-allowed-chinese-hackers-to-control/|archive-date=2 February 2017|date=21 September 2016|author=<!--Not stated.-->}}</ref> In the area of autonomous vehicles, in September 2016 the [[United States Department of Transportation]] announced some initial safety standards, and called for states to come up with uniform policies.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kang|first1=Cecilia|title=Self-Driving Cars Gain Powerful Ally: The Government|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/technology/self-driving-cars-guidelines.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=22 January 2017|date=19 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214045032/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/20/technology/self-driving-cars-guidelines.html?_r=0|archive-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Automated Vehicles Policy|url=https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/AV%20policy%20guidance%20PDF.pdf|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121161404/https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/AV%20policy%20guidance%20PDF.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vehicle Cybersecurity |url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/vehicle-cybersecurity |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=nhtsa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, e-Drivers' licenses are being developed using the same technology. For example, Mexico's licensing authority (ICV) has used a smart card platform to issue the first e-Drivers' licenses to the city of [[Monterrey]], in the state of [[Nuevo León]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Thales supplies smart driver license to 4 states in Mexico | website=Thales Group | url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/customer-cases/mexico }}</ref>