Editing Economics (section)

== Profession ==
{{Main|Economist}}
The professionalisation of economics, reflected in the growth of graduate programmes on the subject, has been described as "the main change in economics since around 1900".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Economics: Overview, The Profession of Economics |encyclopedia=[[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences]] |publisher=Pergamon |last=Ashenfelter |first=Orley |date=2001 |author-link=Orley Ashenfelter |editor-last1=Smelser |editor-first1=N. J. |edition= |volume=VI |page=4159 |isbn=978-0-0804-3076-8 |editor-first2=P. B. |editor-last2=Baltes}}</ref> Most major [[universities]] and many colleges have a major, school, or department in which [[academic degrees]] are awarded in the subject, whether in the [[liberal arts]], business, or for professional study. See [[Bachelor of Economics]] and [[Master of Economics]].

In the private sector, professional economists are employed as consultants and in industry, including [[banking]] and [[finance]]. Economists also work for various government departments and agencies, for example, the national [[treasury]], [[central bank]] or [[List of national and international statistical services|National Bureau of Statistics]]. See [[Economic analyst]].

There are dozens of prizes awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions to the field, the most prominent of which is the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], though it is not a [[Nobel Prize]].

Contemporary economics uses mathematics. Economists draw on the tools of [[calculus]], [[linear algebra]], [[statistics]], [[game theory]], and [[computer science]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=Gérard Debreu |last=Debreu |first=Gérard |date=1987 |dictionary=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |edition= |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Eatwell |editor-first2=Murray |editor-last2=Milgate |editor-first3=Peter |editor-last3=Newman |pages=401–403 |chapter-url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde1987_X001428 |doi=10.1057/9780230226203.3059 |isbn=978-0-333-78676-5 |chapter=Mathematical economics |access-date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024042819/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde1987_X001428 |url-status=live }}</ref> Professional economists are expected to be familiar with these tools, while a minority specialise in econometrics and mathematical methods.

===Women in economics===
[[Harriet Martineau]] (1802–1876) was a widely-read populariser of classical economic thought. [[Mary Paley Marshall]] (1850–1944), the first women lecturer at a British economics faculty, wrote ''The Economics of Industry'' with her husband [[Alfred Marshall]]. [[Joan Robinson]] (1903–1983) was an important [[post-Keynesian]] economist. The economic historian [[Anna Schwartz]] (1915–2012) coauthored ''[[A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960]]'' with [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Mike | last=Bird | title=13 women who transformed the world of economics | website=World Economic Forum | date=November 27, 2015 |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/13-women-who-transformed-the-world-of-economics/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204258/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/13-women-who-transformed-the-world-of-economics/ | archive-date=January 22, 2016 }}</ref> Three women have received the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]: [[Elinor Ostrom]] (2009), [[Esther Duflo]] (2019) and [[Claudia Goldin]] (2023). Five have received the [[John Bates Clark Medal]]: [[Susan Athey]] (2007), Esther Duflo (2010), [[Amy Finkelstein]] (2012), [[Emi Nakamura]] (2019) and [[Melissa Dell]] (2020).

Women's authorship share in prominent economic journals reduced from 1940 to the 1970s, but has subsequently risen, with different patterns of gendered coauthorship.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Erin | last1=Hengel | first2=Sarah Louisa | last2=Phythian-Adams | title=A historical portrait of female economists' co-authorship networks | journal=History of Political Economy | date=August 2022 | volume=54 | pages=17–41 | doi=10.1215/00182702-10085601 | s2cid=251532686 | url=https://erinhengel.github.io/hope/hope.pdf | access-date=30 August 2022 }}</ref> Women remain globally under-represented in the profession (19% of authors in the [[RePEc]] database in 2018), with national variation.<ref>{{cite web | first1=Anne | last1=Boring | first2=Soledad | last2=Zignago | title= Economics, where are the women? | website=Banque de France | date=March 6, 2018 | url=https://blocnotesdeleco.banque-france.fr/en/blog-entry/economics-where-are-women | access-date=August 30, 2022 }}</ref>